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Linux Foundation CKS (Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist) Certification Exam is a crucial certification for professionals looking to advance their career in the field of Kubernetes security. The CKS certification exam is designed to assess an individual's knowledge and skills in securing Kubernetes-based applications and infrastructure. Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) certification is vendor-neutral and is recognized globally, making it a valuable credential for professionals seeking to work with Kubernetes in any environment.
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The CKS Exam was created to ensure candidates have the necessary knowledge of Kubernetes security and practical, hands-on experience necessary to secure Kubernetes environments effectively. Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) certification is designed for individuals who administer Kubernetes clusters and deployments, which includes but not limited to System Administrators, DevOps Engineers, Security Specialists, and Operations Engineers. As Kubernetes continues to grow in popularity, this certification allows professionals to differentiate themselves, demonstrate their knowledge and gain a competitive edge in the industry.
NEW QUESTION # 46
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context dev
A default-deny NetworkPolicy avoid to accidentally expose a Pod in a namespace that doesn't have any other NetworkPolicy defined.
Task: Create a new default-deny NetworkPolicy named deny-network in the namespace test for all traffic of type Ingress + Egress The new NetworkPolicy must deny all Ingress + Egress traffic in the namespace test.
Apply the newly created default-deny NetworkPolicy to all Pods running in namespace test.
You can find a skeleton manifests file at /home/cert_masters/network-policy.yaml
Answer:
Explanation:
master1 $ k get pods -n test --show-labels
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS
test-pod 1/1 Running 0 34s role=test,run=test-pod
testing 1/1 Running 0 17d run=testing
$ vim netpol.yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: deny-network
namespace: test
spec:
podSelector: {}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
- Egress
master1 $ k apply -f netpol.yaml
Explanation
controlplane $ k get pods -n test --show-labels
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS
test-pod 1/1 Running 0 34s role=test,run=test-pod
testing 1/1 Running 0 17d run=testing
master1 $ vim netpol1.yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: deny-network
namespace: test
spec:
podSelector: {}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
- Egress
master1 $ k apply -f netpol1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/ Reference:
master1 $ k apply -f netpol1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/ Explanation controlplane $ k get pods -n test --show-labels NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS test-pod 1/1 Running 0 34s role=test,run=test-pod testing 1/1 Running 0 17d run=testing master1 $ vim netpol1.yaml apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1 kind: NetworkPolicy metadata:
name: deny-network
namespace: test
spec:
podSelector: {}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
- Egress
master1 $ k apply -f netpol1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/ master1 $ k apply -f netpol1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/
NEW QUESTION # 47
Enable audit logs in the cluster, To Do so, enable the log backend, and ensure that
1. logs are stored at /var/log/kubernetes/kubernetes-logs.txt.
2. Log files are retained for 5 days.
3. at maximum, a number of 10 old audit logs files are retained.
Edit and extend the basic policy to log:
Answer: A
Explanation:
2. Log the request body of deployments changes in the namespace kube-system.
3. Log all other resources in core and extensions at the Request level.
4. Don't log watch requests by the "system:kube-proxy" on endpoints or
NEW QUESTION # 48
SIMULATION
Context
For testing purposes, the kubeadm provisioned cluster 's API server
was configured to allow unauthenticated and unauthorized access.
Task
First, secure the cluster 's API server configuring it as follows:
. Forbid anonymous authentication
. Use authorization mode Node,RBAC
. Use admission controller NodeRestriction
The cluster uses the Docker Engine as its container runtime . If needed, use the docker command to troubleshoot running containers.
kubectl is configured to use unauthenticated and unauthorized access. You do not have to change it, but be aware that kubectl will stop working once you have secured the cluster .
You can use the cluster 's original kubectl configuration file located at etc/kubernetes/admin.conf to access the secured cluster.
Next, to clean up, remove the ClusterRoleBinding
system:anonymous.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) SSH to control-plane node
ssh cks000002
sudo -i
2) Edit API Server static pod manifest
API server in kubeadm runs as a static pod.
vi /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
3) Apply required API Server security settings
3.1 Forbid anonymous authentication
Find command: section and ensure this line exists:
- --anonymous-auth=false
3.2 Use authorization mode Node,RBAC
Ensure exactly this line exists (and no AlwaysAllow):
- --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
❌ Remove if present:
- --authorization-mode=AlwaysAllow
3.3 Enable admission controller NodeRestriction
Find --enable-admission-plugins and ensure NodeRestriction is included.
Correct example:
- --enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction
If other plugins already exist, append NodeRestriction, e.g.:
- --enable-admission-plugins=NamespaceLifecycle,ServiceAccount,NodeRestriction
4) Save file and let kubelet restart API server
Just save and exit (:wq)
Kubelet will automatically restart the API server pod.
5) Switch kubectl to secured config
Current kubectl will stop working after API server hardening.
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
Verify access:
kubectl get nodes
6) Remove insecure ClusterRoleBinding
Delete system:anonymous binding:
kubectl delete clusterrolebinding system:anonymous
Verify removal:
kubectl get clusterrolebinding | grep anonymous
(no output = correct)
7) Quick validation (optional but fast)
API server flags check:
grep -n "anonymous-auth" /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
grep -n "authorization-mode" /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml grep -n "NodeRestriction" /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
NEW QUESTION # 49
SIMULATION
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may
result in a zero score.
[candidato@base] $ ssh cks000023
Task
Analyze and edit the Dockerfile located at /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile, fixing one instruction present in the file that is a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove instructions; only modify the one existing instruction with a security/best-practice concern.
Do not build the Dockerfile, Failure to do so may result in running out of storage and a zero score.
Analyze and edit the given manifest file /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml, fixing one fields present in the file that are a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove fields; only modify the one existing field with a security/best-practice concern.
Should you need an unprivileged user for any of the tasks, use user nobody with user ID 65535.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
0) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000023
sudo -i
PART A - Fix ONE prominent Dockerfile security/best-practice issue
1) Open the Dockerfile
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile
2) Find the "most obvious" security/best-practice problem and modify ONLY THAT ONE instruction Use / search in vi to quickly find candidates:
Candidate 1 (very common): USER root (or no USER but a USER 0)
Search:
/USER
If you see:
USER root
Change that single instruction to:
USER 65535
(or USER nobody if that exact word is already used in the file-but the task explicitly allows UID 65535, so USER 65535 is safest.)
✅ This is one-instruction change and is a top-tier best practice.
Candidate 2 (very common): FROM <image>:latest
Search:
/FROM
If you see something like:
FROM nginx:latest
Change ONLY that line to a pinned tag (example):
FROM nginx:1.25.5
(Any non-latest pinned version is the point. Don't add a digest line; just modify the existing FROM line.) Candidate 3: ADD http://... (remote URL download) Search:
/ADD
If you see remote URL usage like:
ADD https://example.com/app.tar.gz /app/
Change that single instruction to COPY only if it's copying local files.
If it's a remote URL, the more "correct" fix would normally be using curl with verification, but that would require adding instructions (not allowed).
So in this exam constraint, do NOT pick this unless it's actually a local add like:
ADD . /app
Then change just the word:
COPY . /app
3) Save and exit
:wq
Don't run docker build (task forbids building).
PART B - Fix ONE prominent security/best-practice issue in the Deployment manifest
4) Open the manifest
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml
5) Change ONLY ONE existing field that is a clear security issue
Use / search in vi for the usual "bad fields":
Option 1 (most common): running as root
Search:
/runAsUser
If you see:
runAsUser: 0
Change that one existing field value to:
runAsUser: 65535
✅ This is a single-field change and matches the prompt hint.
Option 2: privileged container
Search:
/privileged
If you see:
privileged: true
Change only that value to:
privileged: false
Option 3: allow privilege escalation
Search:
/allowPrivilegeEscalation
If you see:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
Change only that value to:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
Option 4: writable root filesystem
Search:
/readOnlyRootFilesystem
If you see:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
Change only that value to:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
Option 5: image uses :latest
Search:
/image:
If you see:
image: something:latest
Change only that value to a pinned tag, e.g.:
image: something:1.2.3
6) Save and exit
:wq
What to pick (fast decision rule)
If you see run as root in either file, that's usually the highest scoring / most "prominent" security issue.
Dockerfile: USER root → USER 65535
Deployment: runAsUser: 0 → runAsUser: 65535
Those are perfect because you only modify one line/field and it matches the hint.
NEW QUESTION # 50
You are tasked with securing a Kubernetes cluster that is accessible from the public internet. You need to ensure that only authorized users can access the Kubernetes API server Implement a solution that uses role-based access control (RBAC) to restrict access to the API server based on user groups defined in an external identity provider (e.g., Okta, Azure AD).
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Configure Kubernetes to authenticate with your external identity provider. This typically involves setting up an OpenID Connect (OIDC) authentication plugin. You'll need to provide the necessary configuration details for your identity provider, such as the issuer URL, client ID, and client secret.
2. Create a Kubernetes Role and ROIe8inding to define permissions for a specific user group. For example, you might create a "developers" group in your identity provider and grant them read-only access to the Kubernetes API.
3. Verify that users can only access the resources they are authorized for. use 'kubectl auth can-i' to test the permissions of a user from the "developers" group. For example: bash kubectl auth can-i get pods --as=developers-group-member This should return "yes" if the user has permission to get pods. Important Considerations: Principle of Least Privilege: Grant only the necessary permissions to each user group. Regular Audits: Regularly review and update RBAC configurations to ensure they are still appropriate. Network Policies: Implement Network Policies to further restrict network access within the cluster
NEW QUESTION # 51
......
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