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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Regression and Correlation Analysis | - Linear regression modeling - Interpreting correlation and causation |
| Decision Making Models | - Risk and uncertainty in decision-making - Decision trees and expected value analysis |
| Data Fundamentals and Business Analytics | - Data types and data collection methods - Descriptive statistics (mean, median, variance, standard deviation) |
| Probability and Statistical Inference | - Sampling methods and sampling error - Probability concepts and distributions |
| Hypothesis Testing | - t-tests, chi-square tests, and significance testing - Null and alternative hypotheses |
>> 最新Data-Driven-Decision-Making題庫 <<
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問題 #26
How does a balanced scorecard (BSC) differ from a key performance indicator (KPI)?
答案：C
解題說明：
Akey performance indicator (KPI)measures performance in asingle critical area, such as revenue growth or customer satisfaction. In contrast, abalanced scorecard (BSC)provides amulti-dimensional view of organizational performance, typically across financial, customer, internal process, and learning perspectives.
Data-driven decision making emphasizes that relying on a single metric can lead to incomplete or biased conclusions. The BSC addresses this by integrating multiple KPIs into a cohesive framework aligned with strategic objectives.
Therefore, optionAcorrectly explains the distinction between a KPI and a BSC.
問題 #27
A researcher wants to estimate the average wholesale price of a gallon of gas in the United States. Several gas station owners along the East Coast are asked what price they pay wholesale for a gallon of gas. The researcher then averages these values for the sample mean price of a gallon of gas. Which problem would be discovered if this researcher's work were evaluated?
答案：A
解題說明：
The key problem in this study is that the sample is not representative of the entire population. The researcher is attempting to estimate the average wholesale gas price for the whole United States, but only collects data from gas station owners along the East Coast. Because regional gas prices can differ due to transportation costs, taxes, regulations, supply conditions, and market structure, using only one geographic area creates a sampling problem. A representative sample should reflect the diversity of the full population being studied. In this case, the population includes gas stations from all parts of the country, not just one region. There is no information suggesting faulty calibration, since no measuring instrument is involved. Response bias is also not the primary issue because the scenario does not indicate that respondents are misreporting prices.
Conscious bias is less appropriate because the most obvious flaw is the limited sampling frame. This is a classic example of sampling bias caused by undercoverage. Therefore, the correct answer is that the sample data are not representative of the population.
問題 #28
A spa wants to determine which duration of its massage packages is the most popular. The spa has 30-minute,
50-minute, and 75-minute sessions. Which statistical measure should be used and is less affected by outliers and skewed data?
答案：B
解題說明：
The spa wants to know which package duration is the most popular, meaning which session length occurs most frequently in the data. The statistical measure used to identify the most frequently occurring category or value is the mode. Because the massage durations are offered in discrete categories of 30, 50, and 75 minutes, the mode is the best measure for determining customer preference. It directly identifies the package selected most often. Standard deviation measures variability, not popularity. Mean and median are measures of central tendency, but they do not answer the question of which option is chosen most frequently. Although the wording mentions being less affected by outliers and skewed data, the strongest reason to choose the mode is that popularity is fundamentally a frequency question. The mode is especially useful for categorical or discrete-choice data where the goal is to identify the most common option rather than the center of a numerical distribution. Therefore, the correct answer is mode because it shows which massage duration customers prefer most often.
問題 #29
A patient satisfaction survey was conducted at Family Practice A. The average rating of online telemedicine visits was 4.5 out of 5, while in-person visits received a 3.0 out of 5.
Which samples should be used to compare the ratings?
答案：A
解題說明：
To make a valid comparison in data-driven decision making, samples must becomparable and drawn from the same population, differing only in the factor being evaluated. In this case, the goal is to compare patient satisfaction between online telemedicine visits and in-person visits atFamily Practice A.
Usingonline Family Practice A telemedicine visits and in-person Family Practice A visitsensures that both samples come from the same organization, patient base, and survey methodology. This controls for external factors such as practice standards, demographics, and survey design, allowing differences in ratings to be attributed to the visit type rather than unrelated variables.
Comparing total visits to only one visit type introduces imbalance. Including other family practices introduces external variation and invalidates the comparison. Data-driven decision making stresses consistency and relevance in sample selection to ensure accurate conclusions.
Therefore, the correct answer isD, as it uses comparable samples that isolate the variable of interest.
問題 #30
The U.S. Postal Service wants to know if local first-class mail is being delivered within two days of postmark.
Which key performance indicator (KPI) should the Postal Service use?
答案：B
解題說明：
On-time performanceis the most appropriate KPI for measuring whether mail is delivered within a specified timeframe. In data-driven decision making, KPIs must align directly with operational objectives.
The Postal Service's goal is to assess delivery timeliness. On-time performance measures the percentage of mail delivered within the expected service standard, making it a direct and objective indicator.
Customer satisfaction and employee morale provide valuable insights but do not directly measure delivery speed. Incentive performance rate is unrelated to delivery outcomes.
Therefore, the correct answer isC, on-time performance.
問題 #31
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