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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Use label selectors to schedule Pods - Understand DaemonSets - Understand Static Pods - Use ConfigMaps and Secrets to configure applications - Understand how to run multiple schedulers and configure scheduler policies - Understand resource limits and requests - Understand Deployments and rolling update/rollback - Understand how scheduler works |
| Services & Networking | 20% | - Use the Gateway API to manage Ingress traffic - Use ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer service types and endpoints - Know how to use Ingress controllers and Ingress resources - Understand connectivity between Pods - Define and enforce Network Policies - Understand and use CoreDNS |
| Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Understand CRDs, install and configure operators - Understand extension interfaces (CNI, CSI, CRI, etc.) - Prepare underlying infrastructure for installing a Kubernetes cluster - Manage role based access control (RBAC) - Implement and configure a highly-available control plane - Manage the lifecycle of Kubernetes clusters - Create and manage Kubernetes clusters using kubeadm - Use Helm and Kustomize to install cluster components |
| Storage | 10% | - Understand persistent volume claims primitive - Understand Storage Classes and Persistent Volumes - Understand volume mode, access modes and reclaim policies - Understand how to configure applications with persistent storage |
| Troubleshooting | 30% | - Troubleshoot application failure - Understand how to monitor applications - Evaluate cluster and node logging - Troubleshoot cluster component failure - Manage container stdout & stderr logs - Troubleshoot networking |
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NEW QUESTION # 19
Create the service as type NodePort with the port 32767 for the nginx pod with the pod selector app: my-nginx
Answer:
Explanation:
kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never -- labels=app=nginx --port=80 --dry-run -o yaml > nginx-pod.yaml
NEW QUESTION # 20
Score: 7%
Task
Create a new NetworkPolicy named allow-port-from-namespace in the existing namespace echo. Ensure that the new NetworkPolicy allows Pods in namespace my-app to connect to port 9000 of Pods in namespace echo.
Further ensure that the new NetworkPolicy:
* does not allow access to Pods, which don't listen on port 9000
* does not allow access from Pods, which are not in namespace my-app
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution:
#network.yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: allow-port-from-namespace
namespace: internal
spec:
podSelector:
matchLabels: {
}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
ingress:
- from:
- podSelector: {
}
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 8080
#spec.podSelector namespace pod
kubectl create -f network.yaml
NEW QUESTION # 21
Given a partially-functioning Kubernetes cluster, identify symptoms of failure on the cluster.
Determine the node, the failing service, and take actions to bring up the failed service and restore the health of the cluster. Ensure that any changes are made permanently.
You can ssh to the relevant I nodes (bk8s-master-0 or bk8s-node-0) using:
[student@node-1] $ ssh <nodename>
You can assume elevated privileges on any node in the cluster with the following command:
[student@nodename] $ | sudo -i
Answer:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 22
Create a persistent volume with nameapp-data, of capacity2Giandaccess modeReadWriteMany. Thetype of volume ishostPathand itslocation is/srv/app-data.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
solution
Persistent Volume
A persistent volume is a piece of storage in aKubernetes cluster. PersistentVolumes are a cluster-level resource like nodes, which don't belong to any namespace. It is provisioned by the administrator and has a particular file size. This way, a developer deploying their app on Kubernetes need not knowthe underlying infrastructure.
When the developer needs a certain amount of persistent storage for their application, the system administrator configures the cluster so that they consume the PersistentVolume provisioned in an easy way.
Creating PersistentVolume
kind: PersistentVolumeapiVersion: v1metadata:name:app-dataspec:capacity: # defines the capacity of PV we are creatingstorage:2Gi#the amount of storage we are tying to claimaccessModes: # defines the rights of the volumewe are creating-ReadWriteManyhostPath:path: "/srv/app-data" # path to which we are creating the volume Challenge
* Create a Persistent Volume named ReadWriteMany, storage classname
shared,2Giof storage capacity and the host path
2. Save the file and create the persistent volume.
Image for post
3. View the persistent volume.
* Our persistent volume status is available meaning it is available and it has not been mounted yet. This status willchange when we mount the persistentVolume to a persistentVolumeClaim.
PersistentVolumeClaim
In a real ecosystem, a system admin will create the PersistentVolume then a developer will create a PersistentVolumeClaim which will be referenced in a pod. A PersistentVolumeClaim is created by specifying the minimum size and the access mode they require from the persistentVolume.
Challenge
* Create a Persistent Volume Claim that requests the Persistent Volume we had created above. The claim should request 2Gi. Ensurethat the Persistent Volume Claim has the same storageClassName as the persistentVolume you had previously created.
kind: PersistentVolumeapiVersion: v1metadata:name:
spec:
accessModes:-ReadWriteManyresources:
requests:storage:2Gi
storageClassName:shared
2. Save and create the pvc
njerry191@cloudshell:~(extreme-clone-2654111)$ kubect1 create -f app-data.yaml persistentvolumeclaim/app-data created
3. View the pvc
Image for post
4. Let's see what has changed in the pv we had initially created.
Image for post
Our status has now changed fromavailabletobound.
5. Create a new pod named myapp with image nginx that will be used to Mount the Persistent Volume Claim with the path /var/app/config.
Mounting a Claim
apiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata:creationTimestamp: nullname: app-dataspec:volumes:- name:congigpvcpersistenVolumeClaim:claimName: app-datacontainers:- image: nginxname:
appvolumeMounts:- mountPath: "
NEW QUESTION # 23
You must connect to the correct host.
Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh Cka000058
Context
You manage a WordPress application. Some Pods
are not starting because resource requests are
too high.
Task
A WordPress application in the relative-fawn
namespace consists of:
. A WordPress Deployment with 3 replicas.
Adjust all Pod resource requests as follows:
. Divide node resources evenly across all 3 Pods.
. Give each Pod a fair share of CPU and memory.
Answer:
Explanation:
Task Summary
You are managing a WordPress Deployment in namespace relative-fawn.
* Deployment has 3 replicas.
* Pods are not starting due to high resource requests.
* Your job:# Adjust CPU and memory requests so that all 3 pods evenly split the node's capacity.
Step-by-Step Solution
1## SSH into the correct host
bash
CopyEdit
ssh cka000058
# Skipping this will result in a zero score.
2## Check node resource capacity
You need to know the node's CPU and memory resources.
bash
CopyEdit
kubectl describe node | grep -A5 "Capacity"
Example output:
yaml
CopyEdit
Capacity:
cpu: 3
memory: 3Gi
Let's assume the node has:
* 3 CPUs
* 3Gi memory
So for 3 pods, divide evenly:
* CPU request per pod: 1
* Memory request per pod: 1Gi
## In the actual exam, check real values and divide accordingly. If the node has 4 CPUs and 8Gi, you'd allocate ~1.33 CPUs and ~2.66Gi RAM per pod (rounded reasonably).
3## Edit the Deployment
Edit the WordPress deployment in the relative-fawn namespace:
kubectl edit deployment wordpress -n relative-fawn
Look for the resources section under spec.template.spec.containers like this:
resources:
requests:
cpu: "1"
memory: "1Gi"
If the section doesn't exist, add it manually.
Save and exit the editor (:wq if using vi).
4## Confirm changes
Wait a few seconds, then check:
kubectl get pods -n relative-fawn
Ensure all 3 pods are in Running state.
You can also describe a pod to confirm resource requests are set:
kubectl describe pod <pod-name> -n relative-fawn | grep -A5 "Containers" ssh cka000058 kubectl describe node | grep -A5 "Capacity" kubectl edit deployment wordpress -n relative-fawn
# Set CPU: 1, Memory: 1Gi (or according to node capacity)
kubectl get pods -n relative-fawn
NEW QUESTION # 24
......
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