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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Asset Disposal and End-of-Life Management | 15% | - Asset valuation and residual value calculation - Disposal options: sell, reuse, recycle, donate, scrap - Environmental and legal obligations in disposal - Data management and asset record keeping |
| Asset Planning and Acquisition | 25% | - Procurement processes for capital assets - Contract types and supplier selection for assets - Options appraisal: buy, lease, rent, outsource, in-house - Whole life costing and total cost of ownership - Asset requirements definition and specification |
| Sustainability, Ethics and Governance in Asset Management | 15% | - Ethical and responsible sourcing of assets - Circular economy and asset lifecycle sustainability - Governance, standards and regulatory frameworks - Sustainable asset management and ESG principles |
| Asset Operation, Maintenance and Performance | 25% | - Maintenance strategies: preventive, corrective, predictive - Compliance, health, safety and environmental requirements - Asset reliability, availability and risk management - Inventory and spare parts management - Asset utilization and performance monitoring |
| Principles of Whole Life Asset Management | 20% | - Value creation and whole life value concepts - Role and contribution of procurement in asset management - Asset lifecycle stages: planning, acquisition, operation, maintenance, disposal - Definition, scope and importance of asset management |
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問題 #154
Which of the following are subjective forecasting techniques? Select TWO that apply.
答案：A,C
解題說明：
The most common subjective forecasting techniques include the following:
- Market surveys
- Employee surveys
- Expert knowledge (Delphi method is a method using expert knowledge)
- Test marketing
Cycle counting is a periodic analysis of inventory in a storage location which is conducted through the counting of samples instead of physically counting the entire inventory available, so as to quickly have an accurate estimate of the inventory available without causing a stop to the day to day working as is the case with physically counting every unit.
The Pareto principle (also known as the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few, or the principle of fac-tor sparsity) states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.
Weighted moving averages assign a heavier weighting to more current data points since they are more relevant than data points in the distant past. The sum of the weighting should add up to 1 (or 100 percent).
問題 #155
When using ABC analysis to classify inventory, which factors must be considered?
1. Demand uncertainty of each item
2. Cumulative percentage of items
3. Cumulative percentage usage value of items
4. Overall inventory turnover
答案：C
解題說明：
ABC analysis is applied to stock and its management. It is based loosely on the Pareto principles, better known as 80/20 rule. Pareto principle is the theory that 80% of outcome results from 20% of inputs. For example, 80% of sales are to the top 20% of customers; 80% of spend on inventory is accounted for by the top 20% of stock items.
The ABC concept is based on Pareto's law. The following steps are carried out for the ABC analy-sis.
- Step 1: Compute the annual usage value for every item in the sample by multiplying the annual requirements by the cost per unit.
- Step 2: Arrange the items in descending order of the usage value calculated above.
- Step 3: Make a cumulative total of the number of items and the usage value.
- Step 4: Convert the cumulative total of the number of items and usage values into a percentage of their grand totals.
- Step 5: Draw a graph connecting cumulative % items and cumulative % usage value. The graph is divided approximately into three segments, where the curve sharply changes its shape. This indicates the three segments A, B and C.
LO 2, AC 2.1
問題 #156
Which of the following are recognised as disadvantages of ERP systems? Select TWO that apply.
答案：A,B
解題說明：
Implementing a full ERP system is not an easy option. They are complex systems and the disad-vantages include the following:
- The installation of the ERP system is costly. ERP consultants are very expensive take approxi-mately 60% of the budget.
- The success depends on the skills and experience of the workforce, including education and how to make the system work properly.
- Resistance in sharing internal information between departments can reduce the efficiency of the software.
- The systems can be difficult to use.
- Change of staff, companies can employ administrators who are not trained to manage the ERP system of the employing company, proposing changes in business practices that are not synchro-nized with the system.
- Having an ERP system has many advantages, but does not guarantee the total success of the company.
Organizational culture, know how to involve staff and anticipate changes that will suffer the organization using this system of administration, are important elements for the completion of the implementation.
- The effectiveness of the ERP system may decrease if there is resistance to share information be-tween business units or departments. Due to strong changes that implementation of the ERP system brings in the culture of work, there may be poorly trained or disinterested in making use of the same staff...
- The benefits of having an ERP system are not presented immediately with the implementation of the software, they will be evident long after the system is running.
- The culmination of the implementation depends on the ability and skill of the workforce, also involves education and training, to make the system is correctly applied.
問題 #157
Which of the following are the key elements of total productive maintenance?
1. Reactive maintenance
2. Quality maintenance
3. Deferred maintenance
4. Autonomous maintenance
答案：B
解題說明：
Total productive maintenance (TPM) is an innovative concept in the manufacturing industry that evolved from the idea of preventive maintenance to adopt practices of productive maintenance, maintenance prevention, and reliability Engineering. What we now refer to as TPM, has become an ingenious approach to achieve overall equipment effectiveness by involving the workforce behind the machines (i.e. the operators).
8 pillars of TPM
1) 5S - Sort, straighten, shine, standardize, and sustain
Just like a physical structure starts with a grounded framework, building a strong TPM process requires a strong foundation in the form of the principles of 5S. This is a workplace organization method that is simplified into 5 basic steps:
Sort tools, equipment, and materials to identify which of these can be discarded Straighten and set things in proper order to reduce unnecessary motion and efficiently travel be-tween working groups and locations Shine refers to performing necessary housekeeping to clean up the work area Standardize and schedule activities to systematically form the habits to keep the workplace orga-nized Sustain the process and principles for long-term applications The 5S approach provides a systematic approach to cleaning the workplace, thereby uncovering underlying problems and challenges.
2) Autonomous maintenance
Maintenance tasks and caring for equipment should start with the people using the equipment. The empowerment of operators to work on small maintenance tasks effectively allows the maintenance teams to focus on more specialized assignments.
3) Continuous improvement
Also known as the Japanese term Kaizen, Continuous Improvement promotes the attitude of pro-gressing towards zero losses and zero defects. Through small but continual tweaks to processes, the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the organization is developed.
4) Planned maintenance
Planned maintenance activities are essential to the prevention of equipment breakdown. Planned maintenance is performed by periodically evaluating the condition of equipment to proactively prevent deterioration and mechanical failures.
5) Quality maintenance
To ensure the satisfaction of the customer, manufacturing processes aim for zero-defect production. Standards for superior quality, and checks on whether the standards are being met, should be in place. The goal of quality maintenance is to identify any possible causes of deviations from zero-defect production.
6) Training
The idea of TPM is that everyone does their part to contribute to the overall productivity of the production process. In order to achieve optimum performance, and to build each member's competence, proper training is required to equip each one with the theoretical and practical know-how of working with machines and equipment.
7) Office TPM
A key role that is often overlooked is the administrative department that works behind the scenes. Like the rest of the production teams and processes, the management and administrative functions are also subject to productivity improvement. Tins includes identifying and eliminating losses, and contributing to the overall performance of the plant.
8) Safety, health, and environment
The last of the eight pillars focuses on creating a safe workplace. The essence of this pillar is real-ized when actively applied to each of the other pillars. The successful implementation of this pillar will contribute to a secure and hazard-free workplace.
Reference:
Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) - Upkeep
CIPS study guide page 163
LO 3, AC 3.1
問題 #158
Resevoir Inc runs several oil refineries across the country. These refineries require heavy invest-ment, particularly in maintenance, repair and operating (MRO) inventory. But the inventory turno-ver rate of these MRO items are low, while some items have expired date, which increases the risks of obsolescence. Which of the following methods can address the issues of these MRO items?
答案：B
解題說明：
Where stock turn (inventory turnover) is low and there are potential risks of redundancy or obsolescence, the buying organisation may adopt vendor owned stock. In this system, a supplier (vendor) maintains a stock of items ready to be used at the point of customer consumption. The supplier owns the stock until it is used by the purchaser; only then is the purchaser invoiced for it.
Just in case and larger safety stock would significantly increase the stock level, which may cause redundancy or obsolescence.
Forrester effect (or Bullwhip effect) is a distribution channel phenomenon in which forecasts yield supply chain inefficiencies. It refers to increasing swings in inventory in response to shifts in customer demand as one moves further up the supply chain.
問題 #159
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