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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Test Analysis and Test Design | - Experience-based Testing - Data-Based Test Techniques - Behavior-Based Test Techniques - Rule-Based Test Techniques |
| Software Defect Prevention | - Mitigating Recurrence of Defects - Defect Prevention Practices - Supporting Phase Containment |
| The Tasks of the Test Analyst in the Test Process | - Involvement in Test Activities - Tasks Related to Work Products - Testing in the Software Development Lifecycle |
| Testing Quality Characteristics | - Flexibility Testing - Usability Testing - Compatibility Testing - Functional Testing |
| The Tasks of the Test Analyst in Risk-Based Testing | - Risk Analysis - Risk Control |
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NEW QUESTION # 15
You have been assigned as Test Analyst on a project that will deliver quotes for motor insurance. The amount quoted depends upon the combined values of twelve variables, that are resolved by a set of business rules.
What should be your MAIN task during the test analysis activity?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because the question asks for the main task during test analysis , not test implementation, execution, or regression maintenance. CTAL-TA v4.0 states that during test analysis the Test Analyst checks the completeness of the test basis, gathers additional information relevant for testing, evaluates the test basis for defects and testability, and may model system behavior according to the test techniques to be applied. It also states that the TA defines and prioritizes test conditions traceable to the test basis.
In this motor insurance quoting system, the critical test basis is the combination of twelve variables resolved by business rules. The Test Analyst therefore needs to model how the quote is produced, most likely using a rule-based or combinatorial technique depending on how the rules are structured. That modeling exposes test conditions such as valid rule combinations, boundary cases, conflicting rules, missing rules, and high-risk variable interactions.
Option A relates more to selecting tests for execution, not analysis. Option B is regression test selection or adaptation, which CTAL-TA places under design/maintenance activities for regression tests, not the main initial analysis task. Option D is feedback from prior execution activity and is not the central task when analyzing a new rule-driven quote engine. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Sections 1.2.1 Test Analysis and 3 Test Analysis and Test Design .
NEW QUESTION # 16
You are working on a project to build a purchasing system. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Allow users to enter details of items that they wish to have purchased and, from these details, create a purchase request.
* Take each purchase request through a workflow that will allow the requestor's line manager to approve the request, reject it or return it for clarification / modification.
* Forward approved requests to the Purchasing Department.
* Allow purchasers to find the best available supplier for each approved request and place the request on that supplier as a purchase order.
The solution is being developed according to the company's traditional V-model methodology. The requirements are clearly documented and include a business process model.
System testing has finished and the test manager has asked you, the senior TA, to identify any parts of the product that should be focused on during acceptance testing. The results of this may be used to adjust the acceptance test plan.
You are using defect cluster analysis, only counting defects with severity levels 1 to 3, ignoring low severity levels 4 and 5. Function point analysis was used for estimating, so you have used function points as the unit of size for the various functional areas of the product. No numeric estimates of expected defect quantities were made for them individually but, as a result of product risk analysis, these functional areas have been ranked according to the amount of product risk that was predicted in them, with risk ranking 1 being the highest and
5 the lowest; the thoroughness of the testing performed so far has been proportional to that. The results are presented in the table below.
Functional area
Total function points
Product risk ranking
Defects found
Purchase Request entry
2000
2
30
Purchase Request workflow
1500
4
15
Purchase Request authorisation
1000
5
25
Supplier identification
2000
1
30
Purchase Order creation
1000
3
30
Which functional areas would you recommend for more test focus in acceptance testing?
a) Purchase Request entry
b) Purchase Request workflow
c) Purchase Request authorization
d) Supplier Identification
e) Purchase Order creation
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because defect cluster analysis must not be based on raw defect counts alone. CTAL- TA v4.0 states that after testing, the Test Analyst can identify actual defect-prone areas and compare predicted versus actual defect clusters; where discrepancies appear, more rigorous testing may be needed in those areas.
Here, size must be normalized using function points. The defect densities are: Purchase Request entry 30
/2000 = 15 defects per 1000 FP , Purchase Request workflow 15/1500 = 10 defects per 1000 FP , Purchase Request authorization 25/1000 = 25 defects per 1000 FP , Supplier identification 30/2000 = 15 defects per
1000 FP , and Purchase Order creation 30/1000 = 30 defects per 1000 FP .
The strongest actual clusters are therefore Purchase Order creation and Purchase Request authorization .
This is even more significant because authorization had the lowest predicted product risk ranking, 5 , so it should not have produced such a high defect density if the original risk assessment and test focus were accurate. Purchase Order creation also shows the highest defect density despite only medium predicted risk, ranking 3. Supplier identification and Purchase Request entry both have 30 defects, but they are larger areas and have only 15 defects per 1000 function points; Supplier identification was also the highest predicted risk area, so more defects there are less surprising. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Software Defect Prevention , test result analysis and predicted-versus-actual defect cluster analysis.
NEW QUESTION # 17
The following decision table shows the rules for sending a package. Same day delivery will not be provided for big packages. All combinations of same day delivery and international destination have been removed as they are infeasible.
How many columns will the table have after all possible minimization has been performed?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because the fully minimized decision table has 8 columns . CTAL-TA v4.0 states that decision-table minimization derives an equivalent table with fewer rules by merging action-equivalent rules using the don't-care operator "-"; action-equivalent rules that differ in only one condition and cover all possible values of that condition may be merged. It also recommends disregarding or removing infeasible rules before merging.
For Small packages, columns 1 and 3 are action-equivalent: both charge 0% , provide insurance, and deliver same day. They differ only in High value , so they merge into one rule. Columns 2 and 4 cannot merge with them because same-day delivery and/or insurance differ. Therefore Small reduces from 4 rules to 3 . For Average packages, the same structure applies: columns 5 and 7 merge, while 6 and 8 remain separate.
Average also reduces from 4 rules to 3 . For Big packages, same-day is N/A , so columns 9 and 10 are action- equivalent and merge; columns 11 and 12 also merge. Big reduces from 4 rules to 2 .
Total minimized columns = 3 + 3 + 2 = 8 . Option A misses the valid merges for same-day insured Small and Average packages. Option D over-minimizes by combining rules that are not action-equivalent. Reference:
CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.3.1 Decision Table Testing .
NEW QUESTION # 18
You are working on an Agile project to develop a web-based online dating service that will allow members of the service to enter their profile, meet people who would be a good match for them, arrange social events with those people and to block people with whom they do not want contact.
The features for member profile entry have been delivered and tested. The current iteration will deliver profile matching. The regression tests for profile entry will be the acceptance criteria for its user stories. These tests have not been automated yet so you have decided to perform regression testing on the basis of a checklist.
Which checklist would be BEST in these circumstances?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is A . CTAL-TA v4.0 describes checklist-based testing as an experience-based technique in which checklist items guide the tester and help avoid missing important checks. It distinguishes checklist use from fully scripted testing, but the checklist must still be concrete enough to support the objective of the test session.
Here, the goal is regression testing for profile entry. The scenario says the regression tests for profile entry will be the acceptance criteria for its user stories , but those tests have not been automated yet. Since the team needs to manually perform regression testing now, the best checklist is a read-do checklist built from the acceptance tests of the user stories. A read-do checklist is appropriate when the tester should read each item and perform it as an action. That fits manual regression execution: run this acceptance test, check the result, then proceed to the next item.
Option B is weaker because acceptance criteria are statements of expected behavior, not necessarily executable test actions. Option C is less suitable because a do-confirm checklist is used when tasks are performed from memory or normal workflow and then checked afterward; regression testing needs active, item-by-item execution. Option D combines both weaknesses: acceptance criteria instead of acceptance tests, and do-confirm instead of read-do. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.4.2 Checklists Supporting Experience-Based Test Techniques .
NEW QUESTION # 19
A system will be developed to support the administration of table-tennis tournaments. The following requirements for the enrolment of entrants have been provided:
R1. High. The administrator shall be able to enter the entrant's name, address, phone number/s (mobile and/or home), email and social media handles. Validation rules for these data items are provided separately.
R2. High. The administrator shall be able to enter the entrant's current world ranking (up to 250) and their relationship with the tournament sponsors (i.e. clothing / equipment / endorsement).
R3. High. The administrator shall be able to enter the entrant's attendance history at previous events (i.e.
finalist / played / withdrew during event / withdrew before event).
R4. Medium. From the entrant's address the system shall derive whether or not the entrant lives locally and, on the basis of that combined with other rules that are provided separately, shall suggest how much of the tournament's overall prize fund should be offered to the entrant as their individual attendance fee.
R5. Low. The administrator should be able to change the suggested attendance fee and the system should then deduct this from the remaining prize fund balance accordingly.
You have been asked to review the requirements using perspective-based reading, from your viewpoint as the TA who will be writing functional correctness system test cases. Assume that the other rules referred to by requirements R1 and R4 have been reviewed and are satisfactorily testable. Which conclusion would you reach?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is A . Using perspective-based reading, the TA must review the requirements from the viewpoint of someone who must derive functional correctness test cases. CTAL-TA v4.0 states that perspective-based reading requires reviewers to attempt to use the test basis to generate the work product they would derive from it; for a tester, that means attempting to create tests and checking whether all necessary information is present.
R1 is testable because the data-entry items are listed and the validation rules are explicitly provided separately and assumed testable. R4 is also testable because the derivation and attendance-fee rules are separately provided and assumed testable. R5 is testable as a functional rule: change the suggested attendance fee, then verify that the remaining prize fund balance is reduced accordingly.
The weak requirements are R2 and R3 . R2 does not fully define the valid model for "relationship with the tournament sponsors": it is unclear whether clothing, equipment, and endorsement are mutually exclusive, whether multiple relationships may apply, or whether "no relationship" is valid. R3 is also incomplete because "attendance history at previous events" is not fully defined: it is unclear whether this is one value, multiple event records, or a history per event, and some values overlap conceptually, such as finalist and played. These gaps prevent complete functional correctness test design. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Sections
5.2.2 Applying Review Techniques and 1.2.1 Test Analysis .
NEW QUESTION # 20
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