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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Surgical Nursing | - Preoperative and postoperative care - Sterile technique and instrumentation |
| Pain Management and Analgesia | - Pain assessment techniques - Analgesic drug use |
| Pharmacology | - Dosage calculations and administration - Drug classifications and uses |
| Laboratory Procedures | - Hematology and clinical pathology - Urinalysis and microbiology |
| Animal Care and Nursing | - Patient handling and restraint - Nutrition and husbandry |
| Dentistry | - Dental prophylaxis procedures - Oral anatomy and disease recognition |
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
| Anesthesia | - Anesthetic monitoring - Anesthetic protocols and equipment |
| Diagnostic Imaging | - Image processing and interpretation basics - Radiography positioning and safety |
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NEW QUESTION # 219
Calcium hydroxide appears as what color when fully saturated with carbon dioxide?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The CO2-absorbent canister of the rebreathing circuit holds granules that absorb carbon dioxide. This prevents the patient from inhaling dangerous levels of carbon dioxide gas. When granules of calcium hydroxide are fully saturated with carbon dioxide, they become hard and turn progressively blue or purple, indicating the need to change the granules. This reaction only lasts a few hours before the granules return to off-white.
The other options are incorrect because calcium hydroxide appears blue to purple when fully saturated with carbon dioxide, not pink, black, or orange.
NEW QUESTION # 220
A client is dropping off a patient for a routine canine castration. The owner is requested to sign a surgical admit form and hospitalization form. However, the veterinarian has a duty to discuss the risks and procedure with the owner ahead of time, including any post-operative expectations.
What does this verbal communication, combined with the signed forms permitting the procedure, provide?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Informed consent is necessary for human and animal healthcare. Obviously, in veterinary medicine, the pet cannot provide us with consent; that responsibility falls to the owner. However, just because the owner signs a piece of paper that lists possible risks in small print, including death, doesn't mean we are fully protected by the law. We must not assume that all clients can read or read the language in which we practice medicine. Further, we have a duty to explain procedures and risks to clients ahead of time.
Informed consent is defined as "a person's agreement to allow something to happen, such as a medical, diagnostic, or surgical procedure, based on full disclosure of facts necessary to make an intelligent decision." In addition to routine information, they need to be apprised of the risks, benefits, current research (such as the possible risks of early spay/neutering in large breed animals compared to the benefits), and other pertinent facts. Further, they must be advised about the cost estimate and acknowledge understanding that payment is due in full at the time of services, or a pre-arranged payment plan format may be established.
Informed consent includes understanding pre-, during, and post-surgical requirements, monitoring, treatments, etc.
Ensuring informed consent is properly documented in the record is important. This includes maintaining signed copies of all forms the owner signs, noting that you discussed the procedure and what risks and studies or other factors you discussed. If you don't write it down, you fail to discuss it with the owner legally.
NEW QUESTION # 221
What tissue comprises the majority of tooth volume?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Dentin constitutes the majority of a tooth. It lies just below the surface enamel layer and encases the pulp cavity. It is sensitive to pressure and temperature changes. It has a tubular structure that is porous to bacteria. Thus, once dentin is exposed, it should be assumed that the pulp cavity will eventually become infected.
Teeth are not composed of bone. Enamel forms the outer surface layer of the tooth crown. Cementum forms the outer surface layer of the tooth's root.
NEW QUESTION # 222
You are seeing a cockatiel today and are tasked with obtaining the history and primary presenting complaint. The owner states that the bird started off as lethargic and reluctant to perch. Then, she started standing funny and seemed to be straining to defecate. On physical exam today, she seems to have drooped wings as well. The owner confirms the bird is female because she has laid eggs on and off for several years, though not in some time. You find that she is also obese when weighing her, noticing that you cannot feel her keel. You inquire about diet and any other concerns the owner has had. You ask if she has ever been to the vet before, and the owner says no. You try to get additional information to hone down the clinical history.
What disease process are you concerned about in this bird?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Egg binding occurs when eggs traveling through the oviducts get stuck. It occurs relatively commonly in smaller companion birds such as the cockatiel, parakeet, or finch, and in some reptiles.
In birds, egg binding is often caused by multiple factors, including:
*Oviductal muscle malfunction
*Obesity (which is noted in this bird's information)
*Malnutrition, including secondary to vitamin deficiencies
*Excessive egg production
*Malformation of the eggs
*Lack of exercise
*Environmental stress
Reptilian egg binding is also multi-factorial, and causes may include:
*Poor nutrition
*Improper temperature and humidity in enclosures
*Abnormal light cycles or failure to receive sufficient UVB light
*Improper egg-laying environments
Most commonly in reptiles, it occurs due to inadequate calcium intake and poor nutrition or secondary to mechanical obstruction of the oviducts.
Ensuring a proper history for this patient will further help elucidate the underlying medical problems and help to prevent them in the future. Ensure you obtain information about:
*Enclosures
*Temperature exposures
*Humidity settings (reptiles)
*Exercise/enrichment
*Diet (including supplements, treats, human foods, pelleted foods, brands, quantities, and other related information is paramount)
*Appetite
*Defecation information including consistency, color, and number of times it defecates per day
*Sleeping patterns
*Molting cycles
*Any changes in behavior
Additionally, any exposure to other pets or species may play a role in the animal's overall health.
All other answers are not ruled out by this history, but the straining to defecate would warrant further questions on your part. Is the owner sure the bird is straining to defecate, or could it be something else? You would want to quantify the description further. Toxin exposures, such as Teflon in birds, occur among other exposures. Still, these clinical signs do not suggest a toxin specifically.
Musculoskeletal injury or issues could be present, but signs are non-specific. The owner doesn't mention anything about ability to fly or concerns with walking or limping. Finally, the presence of obesity on palpation of the keel and the history of on and off egg-laying in conjunction with the straining suggests egg binding first. It is very easily verified on physical exam and radiography.
NEW QUESTION # 223
Why is the one-handed technique for recapping a needle recommended?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The one-handed method of recapping a needle is the safest way to recap a needle since it prevents unintentional sticks or lacerations to the technician. To perform this technique, the cap of the needle is placed on a flat surface and the technician holds the needle in one hand so that the tip of the needle is closest to the opening of the cap. The technician then moves the needle until protected by the cap, and the free hand can be used to firmly seal the cap.
The one-handed method of recapping a needle is not intended to be used when restraining a patient, and is meant more to protect the technician than the patient. It is not meant to maintain aseptic conditions.
NEW QUESTION # 224
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