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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Understand how commercial negotiations should be undertaken | 30% | - Communication skills
|
| Know how to prepare for negotiations with external organisations | 35% | - Negotiation criteria and objectives
|
| Understand key approaches in the negotiation of commercial agreements with external organisations | 35% | - Power dynamics in negotiation
|
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NEW QUESTION # 59
Commercial negotiations on prices cover a range of aspects including pricing arrangements. A buyer may negotiate for a 'fixed price agreement'. Why is a fixed price agreement advantageous to the buyer?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Afixed price agreementprovides the buyer withcost predictability. Once the price is agreed upon, the buyer is insulated from any cost increases on the supplier's side. The supplier bears the risk of fluctuating input prices, which simplifies cost control and contract administration for the buyer.
"With a fixed price arrangement, the buyer is protected from future price increases and does not need to monitor the supplier's ongoing costs. This is particularly useful for budgeting and forecasting." (L4M5 Commercial Negotiation, 2nd edition, Section 2.1 - Fixed Price Agreements)
NEW QUESTION # 60
Toby is an international sourcing category buyer within a third sector (not-for-profit) organisation. He has chosen to use a more adversarial style of negotiation as he believes his organisation has greater bargaining power over the supplier.
In what other situation would an adversarial relationship be used by Toby?
Answer: D
Explanation:
An adversarial (win-lose) negotiation approach is most appropriate where the relationship is short-term and transactional, and where long-term collaboration is not required. In such situations, the buyer may focus on maximising immediate value rather than building trust or joint efficiencies. A monopoly market places power with the supplier, making adversarial tactics ineffective. Where there are mutual objectives for efficiencies, an integrative (win-win) approach is more suitable. CIPS makes clear that adversarial negotiation is not appropriate in all negotiations, only where conditions such as short-term focus, low relationship dependency, and buyer power exist.
Reference: CIPS L4M5 Commercial Negotiation (CORE), 2nd edition - LO 1.1: Adversarial vs integrative negotiation approaches and when to apply them.
NEW QUESTION # 61
JCB is a large manufacturer of heavy machinery. The CPO is going to a negotiation with a Chinese supplier about procuring some major components. He is wondering about balance of power in the negotiation. Which of the following micro factors are most likely to shift the balance of power towards the buying organisation in this commercial negotiation? Select TWO that apply
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
There are many factors that can influence the balance of power in a negotiation. These factors are classified into 3 levels:
- Macro level: STEEPLE framework: social, technological, economic, environment, political, legal and ethical
- Micro level: Porter's five forces:
Diagram Description automatically generated
- One-to-one buyer-supplier dynamics.
The question asks about the micro factors that increases buyer's bargaining power. Among 5 answers, only 2 are likely to increase buyer's power:
- JCB's switching costs are low: Buyer may easily switch its suppliers anytime
- These components are highly standardised: The products are not different any more, buyer may choose to buy from any supplier available.
Other answers cannot be correct because:
- Suppliers are more concentrated than buyer: Suppliers are forming oligopoly market, their bargaining power tend to be greater.
- Eruption of epidemic in supply market: this is a macro factor. Eruption of epidemic may cause factories closed and disruptions on supply chain.
- Buyers purchase in small volumes: Buyer will be seen as less potential to suppliers. Buying organisation may have difficulties to deal better price with suppliers.
LO 1, AC 1.3
NEW QUESTION # 62
When a supplier tells a buyer they have a margin of 20%, what does this mean?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Margin is defined as profit expressed as a percentage of the selling price, not the cost. This is a critical distinction from mark-up, which expresses profit as a percentage of cost. For example, a 20% margin means that 20% of the price charged to the buyer represents profit, while 80% represents cost. CIPS emphasises that buyers must clearly understand this difference to avoid being misled during pricing discussions. Confusing margin with mark-up can significantly weaken negotiation effectiveness.
Reference: CIPS L4M5 Commercial Negotiation (CORE), 2nd edition - LO 2.2: Pricing structures, margin vs mark-up in negotiation preparation.
NEW QUESTION # 63
Neville is a senior procurement specialist in a automaker. He has good relationship with his team mates and other departments because of his amazing purchasing skills and kindness. Which of the following sources of power is Neville likely to possess?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In 1959, French and Raven described five bases of power:
1. Legitimate - This comes from the belief that a person has the formal right to make demands, and to expect others to be compliant and obedient.
2. Reward - This results from one person's ability to compensate another for compliance.
3. Expert - This is based on a person's high levels of skill and knowledge.
4. Referent - This is the result of a person's perceived attractiveness, worthiness and right to others' respect.
5. Coercive - This comes from the belief that a person can punish others for noncompliance.
Six years later, Raven added an extra power base:
6. Informational - This results from a person's ability to control the information that others need to accomplish something.
In the scenario, Neville attracts and keeps good relationship with his colleagues not because of neither position nor reward nor coercion. He has good skills and kindness, which increase his charisma. His source of power is referent power.
NEW QUESTION # 64
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