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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: EMS Operations | - Operational Procedures
|
| Topic 2: Trauma | - Trauma Assessment and Care
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| Topic 3: Medical, Obstetrics and Gynecology | - Medical Emergencies
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| Topic 4: Cardiology and Resuscitation | - Cardiac Emergencies
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| Topic 5: Airway, Respiration and Ventilation | - Airway Management
|
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NEW QUESTION # 108
When treating a patient suspected of having tuberculosis, you should
Answer: C
Explanation:
For suspected or confirmed tuberculosis (TB), the EMT should place a surgical mask on the patient, not a HEPA respirator. Surgical masks are used to contain droplets from the patient and reduce airborne transmission.
The EMT should wear a N95 or HEPA respirator to protect against inhaling airborne particles. Notification to the CDC is not the EMT's responsibility - that falls to public health officials.
References:
CDC Guidelines for TB Exposure in Prehospital Settings
NREMT Infectious Disease Control Protocols
National EMS Education Standards - Airborne Pathogens and PPE Use
NEW QUESTION # 109
A patient with emphysema is displaying pursed lip breathing. Which of the following pathological responses is responsible for this type of breathing?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Pursed-lip breathing is a classic compensatory mechanism seen in patients with emphysema, a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). According to NREMT education, emphysema is characterized by destruction of the alveolar walls, which leads to loss of lung elasticity. This loss prevents the small airways from remaining open during exhalation.
Option A is correct because pursed-lip breathing creates positive pressure in the airways during exhalation.
This pressure helps keep collapsed airways open longer, allowing trapped air to escape and improving ventilation. It also reduces the work of breathing and helps alleviate dyspnea.
Option B is incorrect because decreased hemoglobin affects oxygen-carrying capacity, not airway mechanics or breathing patterns.
Option C is more commonly associated with chronic bronchitis, not emphysema.
Option D is incorrect because diaphragmatic dysfunction is not the primary cause of pursed-lip breathing.
NREMT emphasizes recognizing compensatory breathing patterns in chronic lung disease to guide supportive care, including oxygen administration and positioning.
NEW QUESTION # 110
A 22-year-old patient fell and had pain in their right arm. The EMT began transporting the patient without splinting the arm. During transport, the patient ' s pain increased, and a deformity formed. The patient required surgical intervention for a displaced fracture. Based on this example, which of the following elements of negligence could be applied?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Causation.
Negligence in EMS requires four elements:
* Duty to act
* Breach of duty
* Causation
* Damages
Why B is correct (Causation):
Causation refers to:
* A direct link between the EMT's actions (or inaction) and the patient's injury or worsening condition In this scenario:
* The EMT failed to splint the arm
* During transport, the injury worsened (deformity developed)
* The patient required surgical intervention
This demonstrates that the EMT's action (not splinting) directly caused further harm, which defines causation.
NREMT-aligned references state:
* "Causation means that the provider's actions directly caused the patient's injury." Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. DamagesRefers to the actual harm or injury suffered (which is present, but the question focuses on the link between action and outcome)
* C. Duty to actRefers to the EMT's responsibility to provide care (already assumed in this scenario)
* D. Breach of dutyRefers to failure to meet the standard of care (also present, but the question specifically highlights the resulting worsening condition, pointing to causation) Exact Extracts (NREMT-aligned EMT educational references):
* "Negligence requires duty to act, breach of duty, causation, and damages."
* "Causation links the provider's actions to the patient's injury."
* "Failure to provide appropriate care that results in harm establishes causation." Clinical Priority Summary:
Because the EMT's failure to splint directly led to worsening injury and need for surgery, this scenario best illustrates causation, making B the correct answer.
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - EMS Operations (Medical, Legal & Ethical Issues) NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) AAOS Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured (NREMT-aligned)
NEW QUESTION # 111
An 84-year-old patient has a sudden onset of weakness to one side of the body. The patient has a history of hypertension and high cholesterol. The vital signs are BP 176/94 mmHg, P 108/min, R 18/min, and SpO# 97% on room air. For which of the following additional symptoms should the EMT assess? Select the three correct options.
Answer: B,D,F
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
The symptoms described areclassic for a stroke (CVA). Additional hallmark findings include:
* Arm drift(motor weakness or hemiparesis)
* Facial droop(Cranial nerve VII involvement)
* Slurred speech(dysarthria or aphasia)
These form the basis of prehospital stroke assessment tools likeFAST:
* Face drooping
* Arm weakness
* Speech difficulty
* Time to call 911
Miosis (pupil constriction) and tremors are not associated with stroke in EMS context. Syncope is an isolated event and not a reliable CVA symptom.
References:
NREMT Medical Neurological Emergencies
AHA Stroke Recognition Guidelines
EMS National Stroke Protocols - Cincinnati Stroke Scale, FAST
NEW QUESTION # 112
An 8-year-old patient has abdominal pain, tearing, drooling, and a runny nose after being found in the family tool shed. The patient's signs and symptoms are most likely caused by which of the following chemicals?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Organophosphates are commonly found in pesticides and insecticides, which are often stored in tool sheds.
NREMT training emphasizes recognition of cholinergic toxidrome, frequently summarized by the mnemonic SLUDGE (Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastrointestinal distress, Emesis).
Option C is correct because the patient's symptoms-drooling, tearing, abdominal pain, and runny nose-are hallmark signs of organophosphate poisoning.
Option A (naphthalene) primarily causes hemolysis and neurologic symptoms.
Option B (hydrogen sulfide) causes respiratory distress and altered mental status, not secretions.
Option D causes chemical pneumonitis, not cholinergic symptoms.
NREMT stresses early identification of toxic exposures, scene safety, decontamination awareness, and rapid transport for definitive care.
NEW QUESTION # 113
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