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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Understand how to prepare for negotiations in procurement and supply | - Understand how to prepare for a negotiation
|
| Understand the stages of commercial negotiations in procurement and supply | - Understand the stages of a commercial negotiation
|
| Understand the interpersonal skills required for effective negotiation | - Analyze the interpersonal skills required for effective negotiation
|
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質問 # 304
The buyer's bargaining power tends to be relatively higher than supplier's bargaining power in which of the following circumstances?
正解：D
解説：
:
Buyer power gives customers/consumers (buyers) the ability to squeeze industry margins by pressuring firms (the suppliers) to reduce prices or increase the quality of services or products offered.
There are four major factors to consider when determining the bargaining power of buyers:
1. Number of buyers relative to suppliers: If the number of buyers is small relative to that of suppliers, the buyer's power will be stronger.
2. Dependence of a buyer's purchase on a particular supplier: If a buyer is able to get similar products
/services from other suppliers, buyers depend less on a particular supplier. Therefore, the power of the buyer would be greater.
3. Switching costs: If there are not many alternative suppliers available, the cost of switching is high.
Therefore, buyer power would be low.
4. Backward Integration: If the buyer is able to integrate or merge suppliers, the buyer has greater bargaining power over the existing suppliers.
When is Bargaining Power of Buyers High/Strong?
There are fewer buyers relative to that of suppliers
The switching costs of the buyer are low
If the buyer is able to backward integrate
The buyer purchases product in bulk (high volume)
The buyer is able to get similar product/services from other suppliers
The buyer purchases the majority of the seller's products
Several substitutes are available on the market
Product is not differentiated
質問 # 305
When a supplier tells a buyer they have a margin of 20%, what does this mean?
正解：B
解説：
Margin is defined as profit expressed as a percentage of the selling price, not the cost. This is a critical distinction from mark-up, which expresses profit as a percentage of cost. For example, a 20% margin means that 20% of the price charged to the buyer represents profit, while 80% represents cost. CIPS emphasises that buyers must clearly understand this difference to avoid being misled during pricing discussions. Confusing margin with mark-up can significantly weaken negotiation effectiveness.
Reference: CIPS L4M5 Commercial Negotiation (CORE), 2nd edition - LO 2.2: Pricing structures, margin vs mark-up in negotiation preparation.
質問 # 306
Which of the following are most likely to be fundamentals of Fisher & Ury's principled negotiation?
1. Depersonalise the argument
2. Focus on positions
3. Generate creative options
4. Using subjective criteria
正解：D
解説：
Principled negotiation is based on four fundamentals: people, interest, options and criteria:
Diagram Description automatically generated
1st Principle: separate the people from the problem: Negotiator should depersonalise the situation and accepting that the subject matter of the negotiation. This can be difficult for untrained negotiators, but this is a key skill to develop
2nd principle: focus on interests, not positions: It is important in principled negotiations not to focus on their parties' positions (what are expressed during negotiations), but on the interests (underlying needs) behind them
3rd principle: invent options for mutual gains: this principle aims to help the parties find a solution that both would benefit from. The more options - or tradeables - that can be brought to the table the better.
4th principle: insist on using objective criteria: is about making sure that the negotiation stays focused on outcomes based on objective criteria and that it is productive.
LO 1, AC 1.2
質問 # 307
End users are the only stakeholders that are involved in the preparation of a negotiation. Is this statement true?
正解：D
解説：
Commercial negotiation objectives should be driven by the business needs of the organisation. Organisations are made up of different stakeholder groups, some of whom may have different, even conflicting objectives.
From a negotiation perspective, stakeholders can be defined as persons or groups that have interest (or stake) in the outcome of the negotiation you are leading or participating in.
CIPS distinguishes between 3 sets of stakeholders:
- Internal stakeholders
- Connected stakeholders
- External stakeholders
End-users are examples of internal stakeholders. They are the people who will benefit from the purchase of a product or service. However, their interest may conflict with other groups, i.e. the budget controllers whose objective is minimising the expense. In negotiation perspective, procurement should involve different groups of stakeholder.
LO 1, AC 1.1
質問 # 308
A negotiation is coming to the end. Both parties haven't had any official commitments. Right before leaving the room, the buyer strongly disagrees with supplier's set up prices and requests a discount. The supplier doesn't reply but nods and smiles. Can the buyer consider these actions as an acceptance?
正解：A
解説：
Good negotiators are attuned to all stimuli and not just the verbal and written information exchanged. Tone of voice, body language, facial expressions and other clues from TOP are noticed, and with experience and knowledge, interpreted correctly. This interpretation may also involve knowledge of culture norms and values. A smile, a 'yes' and the type of hospitality received, (in the business context), can mean very different things in different international business cultures.
Trained negotiators will consider non-verbal communication (such as nodding and smiling) and body language as one source of signal from TOP, but will rarely rely wholly on this as a guide to what TOP is thinking or feeling. Furthermore, international and regional cultural considerations must be included here to avoid errors in interpretation. Emotional intelligence also has an important role in forming a more holistic perspective of what TOP may be thinking or feeling.
質問 # 309
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