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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Enterprise Firewall | - Routing and VPN
|
| Topic 2: SD-WAN | - Traffic steering
|
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問題 #168
Refer to the exhibit, which shows the output of diagnose sys session list.
If the HA ID for the primary device is 0, what happens if the primary fails and the secondary becomes the primary?
答案：D
解題說明：
The decisive session-state flag is synced. Fortinet defines this flag as indicating that the session has been synchronized to the other HA members. The session was created on HA member 0, and a synchronized copy is available to the secondary device.
The FortiOS 7.6 Administrator Study Guide states: "When you enable session synchronization, the new primary can resume communication for sessions after a failover event." It further explains that session pickup allows existing sessions to continue through the newly elected primary with minimal or no interruption.
Therefore, the established TCP session remains usable, and the client does not need to establish a new connection.
The may_dirty flag does not mean that the session is currently dirty. It identifies an allowed session that can be marked dirty later if a firewall-policy, routing, or related configuration change requires re- evaluation. The output does not contain the separate dirty flag. Additionally, app_ntf represents block-notification handling; it does not prove that application control is inspecting the session. The fields app_list=0 and app=0 reinforce this.
The allow_err values are session statistics and do not cause session deletion. Although act=snat and act=dnat confirm NAT, the translation tuples are part of the synchronized session state and do not independently require re-evaluation after FGCP failover.
References: High Availability - Cluster Synchronization and HA Failover , pages 456 and 463; Fortinet: HA session failover ; Fortinet: Session-table information .
問題 #169
In IKEv2, which exchange establishes the first CHILD_SA?
答案：A
問題 #170
Refer to the exhibit.
The packet capture output of a ClientHello message is shown.
You are updating a firewall policy that includes SSL certificate inspection. You are capturing packets from traffic passing through this firewall policy.
Which two statements about the packet capture are correct? (Choose two.)
答案：A,D
解題說明：
The FortiOS 7.6 Administrator Study Guide states: "The only security features you can apply using SSL certificate inspection mode are web filtering and application control." Certificate inspection does not decrypt the encrypted payload. However, it can extract the destination hostname from the ClientHello's server name indication (SNI). The exhibit exposes www.sharepoint.com in the server_name extension, enabling FortiGate to identify, categorize, and enforce web-filtering rules for the requested website. Therefore, option B is correct.
Antivirus inspection requires FortiGate to examine files or other application-layer content inside the encrypted payload. Because certificate inspection does not decrypt that content, an antivirus profile cannot be applied effectively; full SSL inspection is required. This eliminates option A.
The SAN field is not mandatory. FortiGate first attempts to obtain the hostname from SNI and can validate it against either the common name (CN) or SAN in the server certificate. Accordingly, option C is incorrect.
The supported_versions extension explicitly lists TLS 1.3 and TLS 1.2 and no other versions. Although the ClientHello's legacy Version field displays TLS 1.2 (0x0303), TLS 1.3 clients retain this legacy value for compatibility. The extension identifies the versions the client actually supports, making option D correct.
問題 #171
A VPN tunnel is up. To monitor traffic flow, the administrator enters the following CLI commands on an SSH session on FortiGate:
# diagnose debug enable
# diagnose sniffer packet any ' udp and port 500 ' 4
However, the sniffer does not show any output. Assuming default configuration values, what are two possible reasons there is no output? (Choose two answers)
答案：A,B
解題說明：
The correct answers are A and B.
The study guide says:
"If NAT-T is enabled, and there is a FortiGate located in the middle that is running NAT, the sniffer command must use a different filter. In this case, IKE traffic uses UDP port 500, but switches to UDP port
4500 during the tunnel negotiation. Additionally, ESP traffic is encapsulated inside the UDP 4500 channel." It also says:
"In some networks, UDP is blocked by firewalls or ISPs. In those cases, you can configure your VPN tunnel to use IKE over TCP in the phase 1 configuration. The default IKE TCP port is 443..." And the study guide gives the correct capture examples:
No NAT: host < remote-gw > and udp port 500
With NAT and NAT-T: host < remote-gw > and (udp port 500 or udp port 4500) So:
B is correct because with NAT Traversal enabled, the tunnel may no longer be using only UDP 500. It can move to UDP 4500, so the current filter may miss the traffic.
A is correct because the filter may need to be expanded to include UDP 4500 for NAT-T, or TCP 443 when IKE over TCP is used.
Why the other options are wrong:
C is wrong because restricting the filter to the remote peer IP can make the capture more precise, but it is not required for the sniffer to display output. The problem here is the port/protocol choice, not the lack of a host filter. The study guide examples use host filtering as an aid, not as a requirement.
D is wrong because diagnose debug enable is used to enable real-time debug output for applications, but it does not suppress or invalidate sniffer output. Sniffer capture is a separate command path. Fortinet documentation separately documents diagnose sniffer packet ... for packet capture and diagnose debug enable for debug features.
So the verified answers are: A, B.
問題 #172
Which of the following regarding protocol states is true? (Choose one answer)
答案：D
解題說明：
The correct answer is B.
The study guide states that for TCP, the protocol state is a two-digit number. The first digit is the server-side state and is 0 when the session is not subject to inspection. The second digit is the client-side state. It also shows that value 1 = ESTABLISHED So, for a normal TCP session with no inspection, proto_state=01 means:
first digit 0 = no inspection
second digit 1 = ESTABLISHED
That makes B correct.
Why the other options are wrong:
A is wrong because for UDP, the study guide says 00 = one-way traffic and 01 = two-way traffic C is wrong because 10 does not represent the normal established TCP session described in the study guide.
The established example shown is based on state value 1, and the guide explicitly highlights proto_state=11 when both server-side and client-side TCP handshakes are completed D is wrong because for ICMP, the study guide says "the protocol state is always 00"
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問題 #173
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