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The Channel Partner Program Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) CISSP certification is a valuable credential earned by individuals to validate their skills and competence to perform certain job tasks. Your Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) CISSP Certification is usually displayed as proof that you’ve been trained, educated, and prepared to meet the specific requirement for your professional role.
| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Security Operations | 13% | - Incident management and response - Physical security - Business continuity and disaster recovery - Security administration - Security operations concepts |
| Topic 2: Security Architecture and Engineering | 13% | - Security capabilities of information systems - Cryptography - Security models and frameworks - Site and facility security - Security design principles |
| Topic 3: Asset Security | 10% | - Data security controls - Asset classification and ownership - Asset retention and disposal - Protecting privacy |
| Topic 4: Communication and Network Security | 13% | - Network security controls - Network architecture and design - Secure communication channels - Network attacks and countermeasures |
| Topic 5: Security Assessment and Testing | 12% | - Vulnerability assessment and remediation - Security control testing - Assessment and testing strategies - Security audit and review |
| Topic 6: Software Development Security | 10% | - Security controls in development - Software security testing - Secure coding practices - Security in software development lifecycle |
| Topic 7: Security and Risk Management | 16% | - Security principles, concepts, and structures - Professional ethics - Legal, regulatory, and ethical issues - Governance, risk management, and compliance |
| Topic 8: Identity and Access Management (IAM) | 13% | - Access control attacks and mitigation - Access control mechanisms - Identity and access provisioning - Identity management concepts |
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NEW QUESTION # 405
A 1999 law that addresses privacy issues related to health care,
insurance and finance and that will be implemented by the states is:
Answer: C
Explanation:
See the answers to Question 15 for a discussion of GLb.
* Answer Kennedy-Kassebaum refers to the HIPAA legislation (US Kennedy-Kassebaum
Health Insurance and Portability Accountability Act HIPAA-Public Law 104-19).
Answers Medical Action Bill and Insurance Reform Act are distracters.
NEW QUESTION # 406
What would you call an attack where an attacker can influence the state of the resource between check and use?
This attack can happen with shared resources such as files, memory, or even variables in multithreaded programs. This can cause the software to perform invalid actions when the resource is in an unexpected state. The steps followed by this attack are usually the following: the software checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The TOCTTOU acronym expands to "Time Of Check To Time Of Use". It is a type of File Access Race Condition.
The software checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state
can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check. This
can cause the software to perform invalid actions when the resource is in an unexpected state.
This weakness can be security-relevant when an attacker can influence the state of the resource
between check and use. This can happen with shared resources such as files, memory, or even
variables in multithreaded programs.
See the reference below for more details and examples of how this attack could be carried out.
WHAT ARE RACE CONDITIONS:
A race condition or race hazard is the behavior of an electronic or software system where the
output is dependent on the sequence or timing of other uncontrollable events. It becomes a bug
when events do not happen in the order the programmer intended. The term originates with the
idea of two signals racing each other to influence the output first.
Race conditions can occur in electronics systems, especially logic circuits, and in computer
software, especially multithreaded or distributed programs.
Race conditions arise in software when an application depends on the sequence or timing of
processes or threads for it to operate properly. As with electronics, there are critical race
conditions that result in invalid execution and bugs as well as non-critical race-conditions that
result in unanticipated behavior. Critical race conditions often happen when the processes or
threads depend on some shared state. Operations upon shared states are critical sections that
must be mutually exclusive. Failure to obey this rule opens up the possibility of corrupting the
shared state.
Race conditions have a reputation of being difficult to reproduce and debug, since the end result is
nondeterministic and depends on the relative timing between interfering threads. Problems
occurring in production systems can therefore disappear when running in debug mode, when
additional logging is added, or when attaching a debugger, often referred to as a "Heisenbug". It is
therefore better to avoid race conditions by careful software design rather than attempting to fix
them afterwards.
The following answers are incorrect:
All of the other choices are incorrect and only bogus detractors
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/367.html
and
https://www.owasp.org/index.php/File_Access_Race_Condition:_TOCTOU
and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition
NEW QUESTION # 407
The following compilation represents what facet of cryptanalysis?
A 8.2
B 1.5
C 2.8
D 4.3
E 12.7
F 2.2
G 2.0
H 6.1
I 7.0
J 0.2
K 0.8
L 4.0
M 2.4
N 6.7
O 7.5
P 1.9
Q 0.1
R 6.0
S 6.3
T 9.1
U 2.8
V 1.0
W 2.4
X 0.2
Y 2.0
Z 0.1
Answer: C
Explanation:
The compilation is from a study by h. Becker and f. Piper that was
originally published in Cipher Systems: The Protection of Communication.
The listing shows the relative frequency in percent of the appearance
of the letters of the English alphabet in large numbers of
passages taken from newspapers and novels. Thus, in a substitution
cipher, an analysis of the frequency of appearance of certain letters
may give clues to the actual letter before transformation. Note that
the letters E, A, and T have relatively high percentages of appearance
in English text.
*Answer "Period analysis" refers to a cryptanalysis that is looking for sequences that repeat themselves and for the spacing between repetitions. This approach is used to break the VigenEre cipher.
* Answer "Cilly analysis" is a reference to a cilly, which was a three-character message key used in the German Enigma machine.
* In answer "Cartouche analysis", a cartouche is a set of hieroglyphs surrounded by a loop.
A cartouche referring to King Ptolemy was found on the Rosetta Stone.
NEW QUESTION # 408
Which of the following terms can be described as the process to conceal data into another file or media in a practice known as security through obscurity?
Answer: B
Explanation:
It is the art and science of encoding hidden messages in such a way that no one, apart from the sender and intended recipient, suspects the existence of the message or could claim there is a message.
It is a form of security through obscurity.
The word steganography is of Greek origin and means "concealed writing." It combines the
Greek words steganos (), meaning "covered or protected," and graphei () meaning
"writing."
The first recorded use of the term was in 1499 by Johannes Trithemius in his
Steganographia, a treatise on cryptography and steganography, disguised as a book on magic. Generally, the hidden messages will appear to be (or be part of) something else:
images, articles, shopping lists, or some other cover text. For example, the hidden message may be in invisible ink between the visible lines of a private letter.
The advantage of steganography over cryptography alone is that the intended secret message does not attract attention to itself as an object of scrutiny. Plainly visible encrypted messages, no matter how unbreakable, will arouse interest, and may in themselves be incriminating in countries where encryption is illegal. Thus, whereas cryptography is the practice of protecting the contents of a message alone, steganography is concerned with concealing the fact that a secret message is being sent, as well as concealing the contents of the message.
It is sometimes referred to as Hiding in Plain Sight. This image of trees blow contains in it another image of a cat using Steganography.
ADS Tree with Cat inside
This image below is hidden in the picture of the trees above:
Hidden Kitty
As explained here the image is hidden by removing all but the two least significant bits of each color component and subsequent normalization.
ABOUT MSF and LSF
One of the common method to perform steganography is by hiding bits within the Least
Significant Bits of a media (LSB) or what is sometimes referred to as Slack Space. By modifying only the least significant bit, it is not possible to tell if there is an hidden message or not looking at the picture or the media. If you would change the Most Significant Bits
(MSB) then it would be possible to view or detect the changes just by looking at the picture.
A person can perceive only up to 6 bits of depth, bit that are changed past the first sixth bit of the color code would be undetectable to a human eye.
If we make use of a high quality digital picture, we could hide six bits of data within each of the pixel of the image. You have a color code for each pixel composed of a Red, Green, and Blue value. The color code is 3 sets of 8 bits each for each of the color. You could change the last two bit to hide your data. See below a color code for one pixel in binary format. The bits below are not real they are just example for illustration purpose:
RED GREEN BLUE
0101 0101 1100 1011 1110 0011
MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB
Let's say that I would like to hide the letter A uppercase within the pixels of the picture. If we convert the letter "A" uppercase to a decimal value it would be number 65 within the
ASCII table , in binary format the value 65 would translet to 01000001
You can break the 8 bits of character A uppercase in group of two bits as follow: 01 00 00
01
Using the pixel above we will hide those bits within the last two bits of each of the color as follow:
RED GREEN BLUE
0101 0101 1100 1000 1110 0000
MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB
As you can see above, the last two bits of RED was already set to the proper value of 01, then we move to the GREEN value and we changed the last two bit from 11 to 00, and finally we changed the last two bits of blue to 00. One pixel allowed us to hide 6 bits of data. We would have to use another pixel to hide the remaining two bits.
The following answers are incorrect:
- ADS - Alternate Data Streams: This is almost correct but ADS is different from steganography in that ADS hides data in streams of communications or files while
Steganography hides data in a single file.
- Encryption: This is almost correct but Steganography isn't exactly encryption as much as using space in a file to store another file.
- NTFS ADS: This is also almost correct in that you're hiding data where you have space to do so. NTFS, or New Technology File System common on Windows computers has a feature where you can hide files where they're not viewable under normal conditions. Tools are required to uncover the ADS-hidden files.
The following reference(s) was used to create this question:
Steganography tool
and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography
NEW QUESTION # 409
A health care provider is considering Internet access for their employees and patients. Which of the following is the organization's MOST secure solution for protection of data?
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 410
......
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