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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Scene Size-Up and Safety | 15–19% | - Scene assessment and safety protocols - Mechanism of injury / nature of illness - Hazard recognition and management |
| Topic 2: Patient Treatment and Transport | 20–24% | - Patient packaging and transport procedures - Medication administration and protocols - Communication with receiving facilities - Medical and trauma care interventions |
| Topic 3: Primary Assessment | 39–43% | - General patient impression and priority determination - Airway, breathing, and circulation management - Initial patient assessment - Identification and management of life-threatening conditions |
| Topic 4: Secondary Assessment | 5–9% | - Symptom assessment and history taking - Focused history and physical exam - Vital signs and monitoring |
| Topic 5: EMS Operations | 10–14% | - Incident command and multiple-casualty situations - EMS system roles and responsibilities - Emergency vehicle operations and safety - Documentation and legal aspects |
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NEW QUESTION # 158
An 18-year-old patient has difficulty breathing after being rescued from a lake. The vital signs are BP 142/74 mmHg, P 108/min, R 28/min and shallow, and SpO# 92% on room air. Despite administering oxygen, there is no improvement in the patient condition. What action should the EMT take next?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is D. Apply CPAP.
This patient is experiencing respiratory distress following a drowning/submersion event, which strongly suggests aspiration and possible pulmonary edema. The key findings include:
Shallow respirations (R 28)
Persistent hypoxia (SpO# 92%) despite oxygen therapy
History of water exposure (lake rescue)
Why D is correct (CPAP):
CPAP provides positive pressure, helping to recruit alveoli and improve gas exchange.
It is especially effective in cases of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, such as near-drowning.
Indicated when:
Patient is awake and breathing
Hypoxia persists despite oxygen therapy
Why the other options are incorrect:
A). 12-lead ECG # Not relevant to respiratory failure from drowning
B). Nitroglycerin # Used for cardiac chest pain/pulmonary edema of cardiac origin, not drowning C). Rapid transport # Important, but does not address immediate respiratory failure; airway intervention takes priority Exact Extracts:
"CPAP is indicated for patients with respiratory distress who do not improve with oxygen therapy."
"Positive pressure ventilation helps improve oxygenation in patients with pulmonary edema."
"Near-drowning patients may develop respiratory distress due to fluid in the lungs." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Airway, Respiration & Ventilation
National EMS Education Standards - Respiratory Emergencies
NREMT Candidate Handbook - Patient Management
NEW QUESTION # 159
A 1-year-old patient has meningitis. Which of the following signs and symptoms should the EMT expect to find? Select the three answer options that are correct.
Answer: B,D,E
Explanation:
The correct answers are A. Fever, D. Lethargy, and E. Bulging fontanelles.
Meningitis is an infection of the meninges (coverings of the brain and spinal cord) and presents differently in infants compared to adults.
Common signs of meningitis in infants include:
Fever (A)
Lethargy or decreased level of consciousness (D)
Bulging fontanelles (E) # due to increased intracranial pressure
Irritability
Poor feeding
Seizures
NREMT-aligned references state:
"Infants with meningitis may present with fever and lethargy."
"A bulging fontanelle is a key sign of increased intracranial pressure in infants." Why the other options are incorrect:
B). Drooling # More associated with epiglottitis or airway obstruction, not meningitis C). Pale skin # Nonspecific finding, not characteristic of meningitis F). Inability to stay still # More commonly associated with pain, anxiety, or stimulant conditions, not a classic meningitis sign Exact Extracts (NREMT-aligned EMT educational references):
"Signs of meningitis in infants include fever, lethargy, and bulging fontanelles."
"Increased intracranial pressure may cause bulging of the fontanelle."
"Altered mental status is common in CNS infections."
Clinical Priority Summary:
In infants, meningitis typically presents with fever, decreased responsiveness, and bulging fontanelles, making A, D, and E the correct answers.
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Medical Emergencies (Neurological / Infectious) NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) AAOS Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured (NREMT-aligned)
NEW QUESTION # 160
A 60-year-old has severe shortness of breath. Audible wheezing is present. The patient has a history of COPD, asthma, and diabetes with prescribed medications. The vital signs are BP 138/80, P 110, R 30, and SpO# 89% on room air. What actions should the EMT take? Select the two answer options that are correct.
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
The correct answers are B. Apply continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and D. Administer a beta-2 agonist.
This patient is in moderate to severe respiratory distress with:
* Tachypnea (R 30)
* Hypoxia (SpO# 89%)
* Wheezing # indicates bronchoconstriction (asthma/COPD exacerbation)
Why B is correct (CPAP):
* CPAP helps keep alveoli open, improves oxygenation, and reduces work of breathing.
* It is indicated in patients who are awake, breathing, and in respiratory distress with hypoxia.
* Especially beneficial in COPD exacerbations.
Why D is correct (Beta-2 agonist):
* Beta-2 agonists (e.g., albuterol) relax bronchial smooth muscle, relieving wheezing and bronchospasm.
* This directly treats the underlying problem in asthma/COPD exacerbation.
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. 3 LPM nasal cannula # Too low for significant hypoxia (SpO# 89%); patient needs more aggressive support
* C. Recovery position # Used for unconscious patients, not alert patients in respiratory distress
* E. Rescue breathing # Indicated for inadequate respirations, but this patient is breathing (though rapid) Exact Extracts:
* "CPAP is indicated for patients with respiratory distress who are breathing spontaneously."
* "Beta-agonists are used to relieve bronchospasm in asthma and COPD."
* "Patients with wheezing benefit from bronchodilator therapy."
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Airway, Respiration & Ventilation
National EMS Education Standards - Respiratory Emergencies
NREMT Candidate Handbook - Patient Management
NEW QUESTION # 161
Which of the following sections are designated by command at an MCI? Select the three correct options.
Answer: A,E,F
Explanation:
In Incident Command System (ICS) for Mass Casualty Incidents (MCI), the four major sections are:
* Planning: Collects data and develops response strategies
* Logistics: Supplies and personnel
* Finance/Administration: Cost tracking, contracts, compensation
Staging is a tactical location, not a management section. Catering and aviation are not command-level ICS designations unless part of specific tasks under logistics or operations.
References:
NIMS ICS Framework - FEMA (ICS-100/700)
NREMT EMS Operations - MCI Command Structure
National EMS Education Standards - Incident Management
NEW QUESTION # 162
What is the primary objective of transfer of care education?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because the primary goal of transfer of care education in EMS is to ensure continuity of care and patient safety during the handoff process.
NREMT-aligned EMS education emphasizes that transferring care-from EMS to another provider (such as hospital staff)-must include clear, accurate communication of the patient's condition, treatments given, and any changes observed. This reduces medical errors, prevents loss of critical information, and ensures safe ongoing treatment.
Therefore, the central objective is maintaining patient safety through effective communication and continuity of care .
NEW QUESTION # 163
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