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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - Secure installation configuration - Hardening cluster components |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 15% | - Runtime threat detection - Audit logging and monitoring |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Secure CI/CD practices - Image scanning and verification |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Host security controls - Kernel and node security configuration |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Authentication and authorization - API server security |
| Minimizing Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Pod security standards - Container isolation and security contexts |
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NEW QUESTION # 34
You have a multi-tenant Kubernetes cluster where each tenant has its own namespace. You need to configure security policies to ensure that:
- Pods in namespace 'tenant-a' cannot access any resources in namespace 'tenant-b'
- Pods in namespace 'tenant-b' can access resources in namespace 'tenant-a' only if they have a label 'tier:gold'.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create NetworkPoIicy for 'tenant-a'.
2. Create NetworkP01iCY for 'tenant-b':
3. Apply the policies: bash kubectl apply -f tenant-a-policy.yaml kubectl apply -f tenant-b-policy.yaml
NEW QUESTION # 35
Your Kubernetes cluster is running a set of microservices that are deployed in separate namespaces. You want to ensure that a specific microservice in the 'web-app' namespace can only communicate with services in the 'api-gateway' namespace. How can you implement this using NetworkPolicies?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Identify Targeted Services: Determine the specific microservice in the 'web-app' namespace that needs restricted access. Let's assume it's named 'web-service'
2 Create Network Policy: Create a NetworkPolicy YAML file named 'web-service-access-yamr to define the allowed communication:
- This policy allows the 'web-services pods in the 'web-app' namespace to communicate With services in the sapi-gateways namespace. 3. Apply Network Policy: Apply the NetworkPolicy using ' kubectr' bash kubectl apply -f web-service-access-yaml 4. Verify Network Policy: Verify that the NetworkPolicy is applied: bash kubectl get networkpolicies -n web-app 5. Test Access: Test communication from the 'web-service pods in the 'web-apps namespace to services in the 'api-gateway' namespace. This communication should be allowed. Try communicating from the 'web-service' pods to services in other namespaces. This communication should be blocked. This NetworkPolicy restricts the 'web-services pods to only communicate with services in the 'api-gateway' namespace. This effectively enforces a specific communication pattern between microservices deployed in different namespaces.
NEW QUESTION # 36
SIMULATION
Documentation Ingress, Service, NGINX Ingress Controller
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000032
Context
You must expose a web application using HTTPS routes.
Task
Create an Ingress resource named web in the prod namespace and configure it as follows:
. Route traffic for host web.k8s.local and all paths to the existing Service web
. Enable TLS termination using the existing Secret web-cert.
. Redirect HTTP requests to HTTPS .
You can test your Ingress configuration with the following command:
[candidate@cks000032]$ curl -L http://web.k8s.local
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000032
sudo -i
2) Use admin kubeconfig
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
3) Verify prerequisites (quick check)
These should already exist per task.
kubectl -n prod get svc web
kubectl -n prod get secret web-cert
kubectl get pods -n ingress-nginx
(If the ingress controller pods exist, you're good.)
4) Create the Ingress resource
Create Ingress named web in namespace prod with:
host: web.k8s.local
all paths → Service web
TLS using Secret web-cert
HTTP → HTTPS redirect (NGINX)
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: web
namespace: prod
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect: "true"
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/force-ssl-redirect: "true"
spec:
ingressClassName: nginx
tls:
- hosts:
- web.k8s.local
secretName: web-cert
rules:
- host: web.k8s.local
http:
paths:
- path: /
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: web
port:
number: 80
EOF
5) Verify Ingress creation
kubectl -n prod get ingress web
kubectl -n prod describe ingress web
Confirm:
Host = web.k8s.local
TLS Secret = web-cert
Backend Service = web
6) Test HTTP → HTTPS redirect
curl -L http://web.k8s.local
Expected:
Redirects to https://web.k8s.local
Returns application response over HTTPS
NEW QUESTION # 37
You have a Kubernetes cluster that runs a critical application This application uses sensitive data stored in a persistent volume that is accessible only by the pods running the application. You want to ensure that if any pod is compromised, the attacker cannot gain access to this sensitive data What security best practices would you implement?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Volume Encryption:
- Encrypt the persistent volume at rest using tools like BitLocker or LUKS-
- Ensure that encryption keys are stored securely, ideally outside the Kubernetes cluster-
- use a key management system to manage encryption keys securely.
- Use a separate encryption key for each volume.
2. Access Control:
- Restrict access to the persistent volume to only the pods running the critical application.
- Utilize Kubernetes RBAC to grant minimal permissions to the service accounts responsible for running the application pods.
- Avoid granting broad permissions to service accounts, limiting their access to only the necessary resources.
3. Pod security Policies (PSP):
- Implement PSPs to limit the capabilities and resources available to pods.
- Restrict pods from accessing sensitive volumes or having privileged permissions.
- Enforce policies that prevent pods from mounting volumes that are not explicitly authorized.
- Define strict PSP rules to limit the potential impact of compromised pods.
4. Network Segmentation:
- Isolate the Kubernetes cluster from other networks and restrict inbound and outbound traffic to only authorized sources and destinations.
- Implement firewall rules to prevent unauthorized access to the cluster.
- Utilize network segmentation to prevent attackers from gaining access to the persistent volume via network connections.
5. Runtime Security:
- Use runtime security tools like Falco or Kubernetes Admission Controllers to monitor and prevent malicious activity within pods.
- Configure runtime security tools to detect and block attempts to access sensitive data within the persistent volume.
- Implement intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS) within the Kubernetes environment
6. Regular Security Audits:
- Conduct regular security audits to ensure that security controls are effective.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of encryption, access control, and runtime security measures.
- Identify and remediate any security vulnerabilities promptly.
7. Immutable Infrastructure:
- Use immutable infrastructure principles to minimize the attack surface and prevent attackers from modifying persistent volumes.
- Deploy application code and configurations as immutable containers-
- Avoid making changes to persistent volumes directly.
NEW QUESTION # 38
Use the kubesec docker images to scan the given YAML manifest, edit and apply the advised changes, and passed with a score of 4 points.
kubesec-test.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kubesec-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: kubesec-demo
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 39
......
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