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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Damage Mechanisms | - High Temperature Corrosion (800°F / 425°C and above)
|
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NEW QUESTION # 14
The extent and depth of decarburization is a function of temperature and ______.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 15
In susceptible materials, the primary factor that affects sigma phase formation is the ________ at elevated temperatures.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 16
The primary cause of ammonium chloride corrosion is the formation of salts:
Answer: D
Explanation:
API RP 571 under Ammonium Chloride Corrosion details:
"The corrosion results from the deposition of ammonium chloride salts from high-temperature process streams as they cool."
"This typically occurs in crude unit overheads or other systems where salts condense out as the stream temperature drops below their dew point."
"Corrosion becomes especially aggressive when the salts are wetted by condensation." (Reference: API RP 571, Section 4.3.3.1 - Ammonium Chloride Corrosion) Therefore, option A is technically accurate and supported.
NEW QUESTION # 17
(An equipment component made of 1-1/4 Cr-1/2 Mo steel that has lost ductility due to temper embrittlement would be susceptible to further damage by which of the following mechanisms?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
According to API RP 571, temper embrittlement is a metallurgical condition that affects Cr-Mo low-alloy steels, including 1-1/4 Cr-1/2 Mo, when exposed to temperatures typically in the range of 650 °F to 1100 °F (345 °C to 595 °C) over extended periods. This damage mechanism results in a significant loss of fracture toughness and ductility, particularly at lower temperatures.
API RP 939-C further explains that temper embrittlement does not significantly reduce tensile strength, but it raises the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). As a result, equipment that appears structurally sound may fail catastrophically under sudden loading conditions.
Once ductility is reduced, the material becomes especially vulnerable to rapid temperature changes, which induce high thermal stresses. Thermal shock is therefore a critical secondary damage mechanism. Sudden quenching, cold feed introduction, startup, shutdown, or uneven heating can cause cracking because the embrittled material can no longer accommodate strain plastically.
* Option A (Ductile rupture) is incorrect because temper embrittlement promotes brittle fracture, not ductile failure.
* Option B (885 °F embrittlement) is incorrect because 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement primarily affects carbon steels and some stainless steels, not Cr-Mo steels.
* Option D (Graphitization) occurs at prolonged exposure above approximately 800 °F (425 °C) in carbon steels and is not the dominant concern for 1-1/4 Cr-1/2 Mo steel in this context.
API RP 571 explicitly emphasizes that embrittled Cr-Mo steels are highly susceptible to cracking during thermal transients, making thermal shock the most likely and dangerous subsequent damage mechanism.
Referenced Documents (Study Basis):
* API RP 571 - Section on Temper Embrittlement of Low-Alloy Steels
* API RP 939-C - Metallurgical Effects and Service Risks of Temper Embrittlement
NEW QUESTION # 18
With sour water corrosion, at a given pressure, the H2S concentration in the sour water _________ as temperatures ________.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 19
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