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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Standards and compliance |
| Topic 2: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Historical evolution and modern applications |
| Topic 3: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - HMAC construction and application - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication |
| Topic 4: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Principles and operation |
| Topic 5: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Digital signatures: purpose and process - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Principles: public/private key pairs |
| Topic 6: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle |
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NEW QUESTION # 24
(What are the primary characteristics of Bitcoin proof of work?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Bitcoin's proof of work (PoW) is designed so that finding a valid block is computationally difficult, but checking validity is computationally easy. Miners must repeatedly hash candidate block headers (double SHA-
256) with different nonces until they find a hash value below a network-defined target. This trial-and-error search requires significant work and energy because the probability of success per attempt is extremely low at current difficulty levels. However, verification is straightforward: any node can hash the block header once (or a small number of times) and confirm the resulting hash meets the target threshold and that the block contents follow protocol rules. This "hard to produce, easy to verify" property is essential: it makes it expensive for attackers to rewrite history or outpace honest miners, while allowing all participants-even low- power devices-to validate blocks efficiently. Therefore, the primary characteristic of Bitcoin proof of work is that it is difficult to produce and easy to verify.
NEW QUESTION # 25
(What describes a true random number generator?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
A true random number generator (TRNG) draws randomness from physical phenomena that are inherently unpredictable and not algorithmically reproducible. Because of this, it is nondeterministic: you cannot feed it the same "input" and expect the same output stream. TRNGs are often slower than PRNGs because they depend on collecting entropy from hardware sources and may require conditioning to remove bias. This aligns with option B: slow and nondeterministic, producing different results even under similar or repeated conditions. Option A describes a deterministic PRNG, where identical seeds yield identical sequences. Option C is unrelated; factorization is a hard math problem used in cryptography (e.g., RSA security assumptions), not a randomness generator definition. Option D describes a counter, which is deterministic and not random.
In secure systems, TRNG output may seed a cryptographically secure PRNG to provide both unpredictability and high throughput; but the defining characteristic of a TRNG is nondeterminism from physical entropy.
Therefore, option B is correct.
NEW QUESTION # 26
(Which default port must be allowed by firewalls for the key exchange of the IPsec handshaking process to be successful?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
IPsec's initial key exchange is commonly performed using IKE (Internet Key Exchange), which negotiates Security Associations (SAs), authenticates peers, and establishes shared keys for ESP/AH protection. The traditional and default transport for IKEv1 and IKEv2 is UDP port 500. During negotiation, peers exchange proposals (crypto suites), perform Diffie-Hellman to derive key material, and authenticate using pre-shared keys, certificates, or EAP methods. If a firewall blocks UDP 500, the IKE negotiation cannot begin, preventing IPsec tunnels from forming. In many real deployments, NAT traversal is also used; in that case, traffic typically shifts to UDP 4500 (NAT-T) after detection of NAT, but UDP 500 is still required for the initial exchange and NAT detection in many configurations. TCP 500 is not standard for IKE. Port 443 is associated with HTTPS/TLS and some SSL VPNs, not IPsec IKE. Therefore, among the options provided, the firewall must allow UDP 500 for IPsec key exchange to succeed.
NEW QUESTION # 27
(What is the primary purpose of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in relation to encryption?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
HIPAA is a U.S. regulation focused on protecting the privacy and security of protected health information (PHI). In relation to encryption, HIPAA's Security Rule requires covered entities and business associates to implement appropriate administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronic PHI. Encryption is widely recognized as a key technical safeguard for confidentiality-protecting PHI in transit (e.g., over networks) and at rest (e.g., on storage devices) by making data unreadable without the proper keys. HIPAA does not standardize encryption across all industries, nor does it prohibit electronic health records; it regulates how they must be protected. While HIPAA often uses the term "addressable" for encryption controls (meaning organizations must implement it if reasonable and appropriate, or document an equivalent alternative), the overarching purpose remains protection of patient information through secure measures, with encryption as a central mechanism. Therefore, the best answer is ensuring confidentiality of patient information through secure measures like encryption.
NEW QUESTION # 28
(What describes how Counter (CTR) mode encryption functions?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
CTR mode turns a block cipher (like AES) into a stream-like construction by generating a keystream from successive encryptions of a changing input block. Specifically, CTR forms input blocks using a nonce (unique per message) combined with an increasing counter. Each nonce||counter block is encrypted with the block cipher under the shared key, producing a pseudorandom output block. That output is then XORed with plaintext to yield ciphertext (and XORed with ciphertext to recover plaintext). This design enables parallelization (blocks can be generated independently), efficient random access decryption, and avoids chaining dependencies seen in modes like CBC. Option B describes CFB-like behavior; option C describes ECB; option D describes CBC. CTR's security critically depends on never reusing the same nonce/counter sequence with the same key, because reuse would repeat keystream blocks and expose plaintext relationships.
Therefore, the correct description is that CTR converts the block cipher into a stream cipher using a counter value and a nonce.
NEW QUESTION # 29
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