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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks - Egress Connectivity |
| Topic 2: Architecture | 20% | - Cilium Architecture and Components - IP Address Management and Datapath Models |
| Topic 3: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| Topic 4: Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble CLI and UI - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility |
| Topic 5: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF Role and Benefits - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking |
| Topic 6: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Installation and Connectivity Testing - Cilium CLI and Configuration |
| Topic 7: Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures |
| Topic 8: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Service Discovery and Load Balancing - Multi-Cluster Connectivity |
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問題 #54
Which of these observability features is NOT supported by Hubble?
答案：C
解題說明：
Technical explanation
Hubble does not obtain Layer 7 protocol visibility exclusively through eBPF without a proxy. By default, Cilium's datapath exposes Layer 3 and Layer 4 flow information. To produce supported application-layer events, traffic is selected through an L7 Cilium policy and redirected to the node-local Envoy proxy. Envoy parses the application protocol and forwards access-log information that Cilium and Hubble expose as Layer
7 flow events.
The other capabilities are supported. Hubble flow records contain the observing node, and the CLI provides node-based filtering. HTTP-aware flows can contain response status codes, enabling inspection or filtering for results such as 200 and 404. Hubble also records forwarding verdicts and drop reasons. Operators can filter for DROPPED traffic and distinguish policy-denied connections from forwarded traffic and other failure conditions.
This separation is fundamental to Cilium's architecture: eBPF provides efficient kernel-level forwarding, security enforcement, and L3/L4 observability, while Envoy supplies protocol parsing when request-level context is required. The integration remains transparent to applications, but the proxy is still present in the traffic path for Layer 7 visibility.
Therefore, B describes the unsupported mechanism and is the correct answer.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility ; Envoy ; Hubble CLI .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
問題 #55
Which proxy does Cilium use to enforce HTTP and other Layer 7 (L7) policies specified in network policies for the cluster?
答案：A
解題說明：
Technical explanation
Cilium uses Envoy as its userspace Layer 7 proxy. When a Cilium policy contains HTTP or another supported application-layer rule, Cilium's eBPF datapath identifies matching traffic and redirects it to a node-local Envoy instance. Envoy evaluates the application-layer attributes-such as HTTP method, path, or headers- against the generated policy configuration and then forwards or rejects the request.
The proxy can operate in embedded mode as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod or as the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. Both deployment forms use Cilium's optimized Envoy distribution and custom policy-enforcement filters. Communication between the agent and Envoy uses local UNIX-domain sockets for configuration, access logs, and administrative operations.
HAProxy is a capable general-purpose load balancer, but it is not Cilium's L7 policy proxy. Squid primarily serves forward and caching proxy use cases. linkerd2-proxy belongs to the Linkerd service mesh and is not used by Cilium for network-policy enforcement. Consequently, only D identifies the proxy integrated into Cilium's L7 datapath.
Official references
Cilium Envoy , Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction
Study Guide topic: Envoy proxy integration and Layer 7 policy enforcement.
問題 #56
You must add Hubble to your Kubernetes cluster where Cilium is NOT the installed CNI. Your cluster is already running in production and you must minimise downtime.
Which method is the most appropriate?
答案：C
解題說明：
Technical explanation
Hubble obtains its visibility from Cilium's eBPF datapath, and the Hubble Server is embedded in the Cilium agent. Hubble therefore cannot provide its normal flow-observability capabilities as a standalone installation without Cilium, eliminating B.
CNI chaining allows Cilium to coexist with a supported existing CNI. The original plugin continues to supply base connectivity and IP address management, while Cilium attaches eBPF programs to the created network devices. Those programs provide visibility, policy enforcement, and other Cilium functionality. Hubble can then be enabled on top of the chained Cilium deployment. This approach avoids an immediate, disruptive replacement of the production cluster's networking layer and is consequently the best answer.
Options C and D could be appropriate in broader migration projects, particularly when a current CNI is incompatible with chaining or when full native-Cilium functionality is required. However, both imply substantially more workload movement or cutover activity than the stated objective of minimizing downtime.
Compatibility, chaining mode, current CNI behavior, kernel requirements, and feature limitations must still be validated before production rollout.
Official references
Cilium CNI Chaining , Hubble Internals , Troubleshooting Hubble
Study Guide topic: Hubble prerequisites, CNI chaining, and production adoption.
問題 #57
You are creating a Cilium network policy for pods with the label app: frontend . The policy should allow all pods with that label to communicate with destinations inside 192.168.e.e/24 and using TCP on port 8888.
For example:
# Traffic to 192.168.9.23:8888 should be allowed
# Traffic to 192.168.10.5:8888 should be denied.
# Traffic to 192.168.9.12:5606 should be denied.
Which of the following policies is correct?
A)
Option A
B)
Option B
C)
Option C
D)
Option D
答案：A
解題說明：
Technical explanation
Option C has the correct Cilium policy structure. It selects pods labeled app: frontend , creates an egress rule with a valid CIDR entry, and combines that destination constraint with toPorts , port 8888 , and protocol TCP
. Because the CIDR and port restriction are in the same egress rule, traffic must meet both conditions.
Option A uses an unsupported address-range structure with from and to fields rather than CIDR notation.
Option B initially resembles the correct form but contains an additional malformed ports item at the egress- rule level. Option D uses unsupported action: allow and action: deny fields inside toPorts ; Cilium allow and deny behavior is expressed through policy sections such as egress and egressDeny , not per-port action properties.
The item is nevertheless defective. The prose and examples indicate 192.168.9.0/24 , while all displayed CIDR-based options specify 192.168.0.0/24 ; the source text itself shows the corrupted 192.168.e.e/24 . If
192.168.9.0/24 is authoritative, none of the exhibits permits the stated example. The supplied key B is structurally incorrect under the displayed manifests.
Official references
Cilium Layer 3 and CIDR Policies
Study Guide topic: CIDR selectors, Layer 4 ports, and rule composition.
問題 #58
When using Cilium with the kube-proxy replacement enabled, which underlying technology is effectively replaced with eBPF?
答案：C
解題說明：
Technical explanation
Kubernetes kube-proxy conventionally implements Service translation and load balancing through either iptables or IPVS. With Cilium's kube-proxy replacement enabled, eBPF programs and maps perform Kubernetes Service handling directly in the kernel, including ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalIP, and related service translation functions. C is therefore correct.
The replacement can operate at socket hooks and packet-processing hooks. Service and backend information is stored in eBPF maps, allowing the datapath to select backends and perform address translation without traversing the kube-proxy-generated iptables or IPVS rules normally used for Kubernetes Services.
BGP is not replaced. Cilium's BGP Control Plane is a separate feature used to advertise routes and service addresses to external routers. Routing itself is also not eliminated; Cilium can implement and accelerate routing decisions with eBPF, but packets still require a valid forwarding model. firewalld is a host firewall- management service and is not the underlying Kubernetes Service implementation replaced by kube-proxy replacement.
Relevant installations must satisfy the kernel and device requirements for Cilium's eBPF service load- balancer functionality.
Official references
Kubernetes Without kube-proxy
Study Guide topic: kube-proxy replacement, eBPF service maps, iptables, and IPVS.
問題 #59
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