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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Basic Numeracy & Algebra | 15% | - Arithmetic operations, fractions, decimals, percentages - Linear equations, inequalities, graphing functions - Exponents, roots, and basic formulas |
| Topic 2: Probability Concepts | 20% | - Probability rules, independent and dependent events - Conditional probability and Venn diagrams - Discrete and continuous probability distributions - Normal distribution and empirical rule |
| Topic 3: Inferential Statistics & Study Design | 20% | - Confidence intervals for means/proportions - Hypothesis testing framework and interpretation - Sampling methods and bias - Observational studies vs experiments |
| Topic 4: Descriptive Statistics | 25% | - Measures of center: mean, median, mode - Measures of spread: range, IQR, variance, standard deviation - Graphical displays: histograms, boxplots, scatterplots - Types of data: categorical, discrete, continuous |
| Topic 5: Correlation & Regression | 20% | - Correlation coefficient and interpretation - Interpreting slope, intercept, and R-squared - Predictions and limitations of regression - Simple linear regression models |
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NEW QUESTION # 102
Dataset: 3, 6, 9. Median?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The median is the middle value of a data set after the values are placed in ascending order. The dataset is 3, 6,
9, which is already ordered from least to greatest. Since there are three observations, the median is the second value, because one value lies below it and one value lies above it. Therefore, the median is 6. The median is a measure of center and is especially useful when data may be skewed or contain outliers because it depends on position rather than the magnitude of every value. The mean for this dataset is also 6, since (3 + 6 + 9) ÷ 3 =
6, but the question specifically asks for the median. Options B and C are not values in the dataset, and option D is the minimum value, not the middle. Study Guide references/topics: median, ordered data, measures of central tendency, descriptive statistics.
NEW QUESTION # 103
Which measure of central tendency is least affected by outliers?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The median is the measure of central tendency least affected by outliers because it depends only on the ordered position of values, not on the numerical magnitude of extreme observations. To find the median, the data are arranged from least to greatest and the middle value is identified, or the average of the two middle values is taken when the sample size is even. If an extremely large or extremely small value is added to a data set, the mean can shift substantially because every value contributes to the arithmetic average. The median, however, usually remains stable unless the extreme value changes the middle position. The mode is also not directly affected by magnitude, but it may be absent or non-unique and is often less informative for numerical data. Range is not a measure of central tendency and is highly sensitive to outliers because it uses the minimum and maximum. Study Guide references/topics: descriptive statistics, measures of center, median, resistance to outliers.
NEW QUESTION # 104
Probability cannot be:
Answer: D
Explanation:
Probability values must lie between 0 and 1, inclusive. A probability of 0 means an event is impossible, while a probability of 1 means an event is certain. Values between 0 and 1 represent events with varying degrees of likelihood. A negative probability has no valid interpretation in standard probability theory because probability measures relative likelihood or long-run frequency, and neither can be less than zero. Option B is allowed because impossible events have probability 0. Option C is allowed because certain events have probability 1. Option D is allowed because ordinary uncertain events have probabilities strictly between 0 and
1. For example, the probability of rolling a 3 on a fair die is 1/6, which lies between 0 and 1. The only invalid option listed is negative probability. Study Guide references/topics: probability axioms, probability range, impossible events, certain events.
NEW QUESTION # 105
Two independent events: P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.2. P(A or B) = ?
Answer: C
Explanation:
For two events, the general addition rule is P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) # P(A and B). Because A and B are independent, their joint probability is P(A and B) = P(A)P(B). Here, P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.2, so P(A and B)
= 0.3 × 0.2 = 0.06. Then P(A or B) = 0.3 + 0.2 # 0.06 = 0.44. The subtraction is necessary because the overlap, where both A and B occur, is counted twice when adding P(A) and P(B). Option A, 0.5, incorrectly adds the two probabilities without correcting for overlap. Option B gives the probability of both events, not either event. Option D is unrelated to the addition rule. Study Guide references/topics: independent events, addition rule, multiplication rule, union of events.
NEW QUESTION # 106
Null hypothesis for a new drug shows no effect. True statement?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The null hypothesis represents the default claim or baseline assumption in hypothesis testing. For a new drug, a typical null hypothesis states that the drug has no effect, no difference from placebo, or no improvement over the existing standard. The testing process begins by assuming the null hypothesis is true, then evaluates whether the sample evidence is strong enough to reject it. Therefore, the correct statement is that researchers assume no effect until evidence suggests otherwise. This does not mean the drug is proven ineffective; it means the burden of evidence lies with demonstrating an effect. Option B is the alternative hypothesis, not the null. Option C overstates the conclusion because failing to reject the null does not prove the drug has no effect. Option D is false because this type of claim is testable using experimental data and statistical inference.
Study Guide references/topics: null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, hypothesis testing, statistical evidence.
NEW QUESTION # 107
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