数年以来の整理と分析によって開発されたVTNE問題集は権威的で全面的です。VTNE問題集を利用して試験に合格できます。この問題集の合格率は高いので、多くのお客様からVTNE問題集への好評をもらいました。VTNE問題集のカーバー率が高いので、勉強した問題は試験に出ることが多いです。だから、弊社の提供するVTNE問題集を暗記すれば、きっと試験に合格できます。
| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Pain Management and Analgesia | - Analgesic drug use - Pain assessment techniques |
| Topic 2: Diagnostic Imaging | - Radiography positioning and safety - Image processing and interpretation basics |
| Topic 3: Animal Care and Nursing | - Patient handling and restraint - Nutrition and husbandry |
| Topic 4: Anesthesia | - Anesthetic protocols and equipment - Anesthetic monitoring |
| Topic 5: Pharmacology | - Drug classifications and uses - Dosage calculations and administration |
| Topic 6: Surgical Nursing | - Preoperative and postoperative care - Sterile technique and instrumentation |
| Topic 7: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
| Topic 8: Laboratory Procedures | - Urinalysis and microbiology - Hematology and clinical pathology |
| Topic 9: Dentistry | - Dental prophylaxis procedures - Oral anatomy and disease recognition |
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質問 # 422
Your veterinarian is removing a foreign body from a naughty 4-month-old MN lop rabbit. Which of the following tools is most ideal for a surgeon to use when performing an exploratory laparotomy (enterotomy +/- gastrotomy) in this species?
正解：D
解説：
Due to a rabbit's overall small size, delicate and thin skin, fragile ingesta, and high propensity to develop adhesions (like humans), even using atraumatic forceps, such as the Doyen forceps, to push back the ingesta can be too much for the rabbit. Thus, a sterile surgical technician's hands are the safest tool inside a rabbit's abdomen.
An Army-Navy retractor is a handheld retractor with blades of different lengths on either side. Despite not having teeth, it is still likely too traumatic for the skin/musculature of a rabbit.
A Senn retractor is similar to the Army-Navy in that it, too, is double-sided and handheld. One end is toothed and traumatic, while the other is narrow and blunt.
Doyen intestinal forceps are atraumatic and used in small animal surgery to handle the ingesta. Still, they are not recommended in rabbits because of the high risk of adhesion formation.
質問 # 423
How do surgical incisions for laparoscopic procedures compare to those for traditional surgical techniques?
正解：D
質問 # 424
Which of the following is a non-rebreathing circuit?
正解：A
解説：
With non-rebreathing systems, expired gases go into a scavenger rather than redelivering the gases to the patient. A Bain coaxial circuit is a type of non-rebreathing ventilation system. Other non-rebreathing circuits include the Ayre's T-piece, the Jackson-Rees, or the Norman elbow.
Ambu is a type of positive pressure manual ventilator bag. Both circles and Universal F-circuits (modified circles) are rebreathing systems.
質問 # 425
A horse presents with signs consistent with colic. The veterinarian on call has not yet reached the office. You do a cursory assessment of the patient and note that the patient is painful. The horse just started showing restlessness and pawing at the ground and isn't interested in food. He is also standing at the back of his stall. This started about an hour ago. The ride to the hospital was 30 minutes. Upon arrival, the owner expressed cost concerns and stated that he was only looking for non-surgical therapy options, regardless of the diagnosis.
All of the following could be used to manage pain associated with colic, except:
正解：C
解説：
Acetaminophen may provide sufficient pain relief in the early stages of laminitis or other conditions, but hasn't been studied sufficiently or found to have sufficient pain management effects in acute colic. Suppose a patient has underlying liver or kidney issues that prevent using a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID), such as flunixin meglumine. In that case, it may be combined with another type of pain medication, such as an opioid (butorphanol) or alpha-2 agonist. However, at this time, it can not be recommended as the sole treatment for colic pain.
In the acute phase of colic, we only recognize pain and discomfort and want to improve the horse's clinical condition. However, we also need to make our drug choice decision based on presumptive diagnosis, pain duration, and clinical signs severity. We want to ensure we can re-evaluate them and establish/determine if the condition is worsening, even in the face of pain management. Thus, choices may include NSAIDs (if there are no contraindications), butorphanol (though often insufficient alone, it does provide some sedation effects), detomidine, or xylazine (detomidine is considered more effective for colic pain and doesn't have the added issue of illicit drug use concerns as we are seeing in 2023 with xylazine). The alpha-2 agonists are also sedating, which can be beneficial for rectal evaluation and keeping the horse calm while still permitting walking to encourage GI movement. However, they can decrease GI tract sounds and make it more difficult to assess the horse properly.
Other pure agonist opioids may be considered, but can cause ileus and are not usually the first line in cases of early colic.
NSAIDs like flunixin meglumine can be on board for up to 12 hours. While this is good from a pain management standpoint, some practitioners fear it can mask worsening clinical disease. A horse may decline yet not overtly show this, and the patient could deteriorate faster. Thus, some vets prefer shorter-acting and/or reversible drugs to better monitor for improvement or progression.
質問 # 426
Saline is a solution administered intravenously for the purpose of achieving appropriate fluid balance. It is a solution of salt and water. What is the salt found in saline solution?
正解：A
質問 # 427
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