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NEW QUESTION # 16
In preparation for an upcoming security audit, a metal production company decided to enhance the security of container-based services running in a Kubernetes environment. The company wants to ensure that all communications between applications and services are encrypted. The administrator plans to implement mTLS service between application and services to secure the data exchanges. Given the need to manage encryption at scale and maintain efficient communication across the cluster, which network transport technology must be employed?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In modern cloud-native architectures, managing security for hundreds of microservices manually is unfeasible. To implementmutual TLS (mTLS)at scale within a Kubernetes cluster, aService Mesh(such as Istio or Cisco Service Mesh Manager) is the architectural solution of choice. A service mesh provides a dedicated infrastructure layer for handling service-to-service communication without requiring changes to the application code itself.
The service mesh operates by deploying a "sidecar" proxy alongside every service instance. These proxies handle the heavy lifting of identity verification, certificate rotation, and the establishment of encrypted tunnels. This ensures that every data exchange is encrypted and that services only communicate with authenticated peers. While anIngress Controller(Option A) manages traffic entering the cluster andLoad Balancing(Option B) distributes traffic, neither provides the granular, internal encryption framework required for pod-to-pod mTLS.Kubernetes Network Policies(Option C) act as a distributed firewall to allow or deny traffic based on IP/Port but do not handle encryption or cryptographic identity. By choosing a Service Mesh, the company satisfies the audit requirement for end-to-end encryption and pervasive visibility into the application's communication flow, aligning with Cisco's design principles for secure, scalable microservices.
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NEW QUESTION # 17
A company recently discovered that a former employee, who left to join a competitor, continued to access and exfiltrate sensitive data over several weeks after leaving. The breach highlighted vulnerabilities in the organization's data security and access management practices. To prevent such incidents in the future, the organization must adopt measures that detect and restrict unauthorized data access and transfer. Which mitigation strategy must be implemented to address the issue?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The scenario describes a typical "insider threat" involvingdata exfiltration. While the initial failure was likely in the off-boarding process (Identity Management), the technical control required to specifically "detect and restrict unauthorized data access and transfer" is aData Loss Prevention (DLP) strategy. DLP solutions are designed to monitor, detect, and block sensitive data from leaving the organization's control.
A robust DLP strategy-integrated across Cisco platforms likeEmail Security (ESA),Web Security (WSA), andCisco Umbrella-works by identifying sensitive content (such as customer lists, proprietary code, or financial data) using techniques like fingerprinting or keyword matching. If an unauthorized attempt is made to upload this data to a personal cloud drive or send it via email, the DLP engine intercepts and blocks the transfer. WhileAudit Logging(Option D) is essential for forensic investigationafterthe fact, it does not
"restrict" the transfer in real-time.WAFs(Option A) protect against external attacks on web servers, and Network Policies(Option B) control traffic flow but generally lack the content-awareness required to identify sensitive business data. Implementing DLP ensures that the organization's intellectual property remains protected even if an account remains active or a user has legitimate network access.
NEW QUESTION # 18
A company published software that had a security vulnerability, and an attacker used the vulnerability to steal critical information from the environment. The issue was reported by the security team, and the administrator was instructed to run shift-left security tests before publishing the software. Which component of the software development pipeline must be recommended to run the tests?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In the context of theCisco SDSI v1.0blueprint, "shifting left" refers to the practice of integrating security testing as early as possible in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The most effective component of the pipeline for running these early tests isSource Code Management (SCM). By integrating security tools directly into the SCM system (such as GitHub, GitLab, or Bitbucket), developers can identify vulnerabilities while the code is still being written or during the initial commit phase.
Techniques such as Static Application Security Testing (SAST) and secret scanning are typically triggered at the SCM level through pull requests or commit hooks. This allows the security team to identify flawed logic or hardcoded credentials before the code is ever compiled or moved to the build stage. WhileContinuous Deployment(Option A) handles the final release of the software, it is too late in the pipeline for a "shift-left" approach to be most effective.Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) analysis(Option C) is a specific task focused on dependency management, andCloud Security Posture Management (CSPM)(Option B) focuses on the runtime environment rather than the application code itself. Utilizing SCM as the primary checkpoint ensures that security becomes a foundational part of the development process, reducing the risk of vulnerable software reaching production environments.
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NEW QUESTION # 19
A restaurant distribution center recently suffered a password spray attack targeting the Cisco Secure Firepower Threat Defense VPN headend. The attack attempts to gain unauthorized access by trying common passwords across many accounts. The attack poses a significant security threat to the organization's remote access infrastructure. To enhance the security of the VPN setup and minimize the risk of similar attacks in the future, the IT security team must implement effective mitigation measures. Which technique effectively reduces the risk of this type of attack?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In the context of Designing Cisco Security Infrastructure, protecting Remote Access VPN (RAVPN) against brute-force and password spray attacks is a critical objective. On Cisco Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) and Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) platforms, theDefaultWEBVPNGroupandDefaultRAGroupare the landing points for any connection request that does not specify a valid Group Alias or Group URL. Attackers frequently target these default profiles because they are often left with "None" as the authentication method, allowing the attacker to probe for valid usernames without immediate rejection.
By selectingOption D, the security designer ensures that any attempt to access the VPN via these default profiles requires valid AAA credentials. According to Cisco's hardened design guides, it is best practice to point these default profiles to a "sinkhole" AAA server or a local database with no users. This forces the password spray attack to fail at the initial authentication phase before any sensitive information is leaked or unauthorized access is granted. While Option A (ACLs) provides a temporary fix, it is ineffective against distributed attacks using rotating IP addresses. Option B (Disabling aliases) is a good obfuscation technique but doesn't stop an attacker from hitting the default profile. Option D provides a structural mitigation that aligns with theCisco SAFEarchitectural principle of reducing the attack surface by securing every possible entry vector into the private infrastructure.
NEW QUESTION # 20
A logistics company wants to deploy an application in the cloud using cloud native techniques.
The company must ensure that the development, testing, and production environments are as identical as possible with the lowest risk of the development and testing environments impacting production. Which solution must be used to accomplish the task?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Using separate cloud accounts for development, testing, and production ensures strong isolation between environments. This prevents accidental impact on production while maintaining consistent, cloud-native deployments across all stages with minimal risk.
NEW QUESTION # 21
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