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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
>> VTNE Latest Exam Materials <<
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NEW QUESTION # 615
Which of the following anesthetic monitoring parameters suggests hypoxemia?
Answer: A
Explanation:
A pulse oximeter can estimate hypoxemia or low levels of oxygen in the blood. When a patient is on 100% oxygen on an anesthetic circuit, the SpO2 should not decrease below 97%. When breathing room air, this may decrease to 95%. Because of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, subtle changes in SpO2 will occur despite prominent decreases in blood oxygen levels. A saturation level of less than 90% suggests hypoxemia.
A more accurate, though technically challenging and more expensive, way to monitor blood oxygen levels is via arterial blood gas analysis.
End tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) reflects hyper- and hypocapnia, which are measures of carbon dioxide and not oxygen.
NEW QUESTION # 616
In Stage 3 anesthesia, which of the four planes is when the animal may require assisted ventilation?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Anesthesia has been described as a series of four stages with specific reflexes and/or signs:
Stage 1: The period between administration of an anesthetic and loss of consciousness.
Respiratory efforts change as anesthesia deepens. In Stage 1, the animal is awake and respiration may be quite rapid due to the excitation of being handled. It is evenly apportioned between the chest and abdomen and is quite regular.
Stage 2: The period after the loss of consciousness, which may include actions such as uncontrolled movement, delirium, vocalization.
Muscle tone decreases from a maximum during Stage 2 all the way through Stage 3. Jaw tone is a good indication of muscle tone. Breathing is still evenly apportioned between chest and abdomen but is less regular and breath-holding may occur.
Stage 3: The level at which surgery can be performed.
Shine a light in the eye and the pupil constricts (present at the start of Stage 3 and starts to decrease and will be absent by about the middle of Stage 3). Touch the corner of the eye or the cornea and the animal blinks (disappears early in Stage 3). Simulation of the larynx will cause the animal to swallow. The stimulation may be from outside, for example, an attempt to pass an endotracheal tube. Or the stimulation can be internal, for example, the presence of secretions at the larynx. This is a mechanism to prevent accidental aspiration of fluids into the lungs. This reflex will disappear early in Stage 3. Early in Stage 3, breathing is regular with equal contributions from chest and abdomen. As anesthesia deepens, breathing becomes shallower and more predominantly abdominal. Late in Stage 3, it becomes irregular and in Stage 4, it will stop.
Stage 3 anesthesia is divided into three planes:
*Plane 1: "Light" anesthesia - the animal still has blink and swallowing reflexes, and regular respiration.
*Plane 2: "Surgical" anesthesia - the animal has lost blink reflexes, pupils become fixed and respiration is regular.
*Plane 3: "Deep" anesthesia - the animal starts losing the ability to use the respiratory muscles and breathing becomes shallow; may require assisted ventilation.
Stage 4: Anesthetic crisis! Respiratory arrest and death from circulatory collapse are imminent.
Note: Some systems may divide Stage 3 into four planes, with plane 3 and 4 deeper than ideal.
NEW QUESTION # 617
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a pituitary hormone of the anterior lobe. Which of the following correctly identifies the target and actions of LH?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a pituitary hormone of the anterior lobe that stimulates female ovulation and male testosterone production. LH is also responsible for secretion of progesterone and conversion of follicles to the corpus luteum.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a pituitary hormone of the anterior lobe that stimulates female ovarian follicle growth and male spermatogenesis.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a pituitary hormone of the anterior lobe that stimulates thyroid production of T3/T4.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a pituitary hormone of the anterior lobe that stimulates corticosteroid production by the adrenal cortex.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 346-349.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 442-445.
NEW QUESTION # 618
Which of the following drug combinations is administered concurrently to provide both pain relief and sedation?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Neuroleptanalgesia medication combinations typically contain an opioid and a tranquilizer, such as acepromazine and hydromorphone. They are useful for mild to moderate sedation, especially when a procedure may cause pain. A common indication is sedation for the radiographic positioning of an injured limb.
Lidocaine and bupivacaine are both local anesthetics. When combined, they provide short onset and long duration local anesthesia.
Dexmedetomidine and atipamezole both act at the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. Dexmedetomidine provides mild analgesia with moderate to marked sedation. Dexmedetomidine is an agonist, while atipamezole is an antagonist. They should not be given at the same time but staggered.
Carprofen and PSGAG (polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, such as Adequan) combine an NSAID (anti-inflammatory and analgesic) with a chondroprotectant (joint support). Neither has sedative effects.
NEW QUESTION # 619
Sometimes, casts are found in urine during a urinalysis. Which type of cast is considered normal?
Answer: A
Explanation:
either coarse or fine, and result from degeneration of cellular casts. Some hyaline casts, which sometimes dissolve in urine that is dilute or alkaline, are also considered normal.
Cellular casts are abnormal and may indicate inflammation or hemorrhage.
Waxy casts are abnormal and indicate chronic renal lesions.
Fatty casts are abnormal and indicate an accumulation of lipid droplets in cells.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 402.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 35.
NEW QUESTION # 620
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