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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cryptography Fundamentals | - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Cryptographic Terminology |
| Topic 2: Asymmetric Cryptography | - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - RSA Algorithm |
| Topic 3: Applied Cryptography | - PGP and Email Encryption - SSL/TLS Protocols - Cryptographic Best Practices - VPN Security |
| Topic 4: Symmetric Cryptography | - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Stream Ciphers - Key Management |
| Topic 5: Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Social Engineering Prevention - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Common Attack Vectors |
| Topic 6: Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Digital Signature Standards - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) |
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NEW QUESTION # 63
(Which cipher uses shifting letters of the alphabet for encryption?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
The Caesar cipher is the classic substitution cipher that encrypts by shifting letters of the alphabet by a fixed number of positions (e.g., shift by 3: A#D, B#E, etc.). It is a monoalphabetic cipher because a single shift value is applied uniformly across the entire message, making it simple and vulnerable to frequency analysis and brute force (only 25 meaningful shifts in the Latin alphabet). Vigenere also involves shifting, but it uses a repeating keyword to vary the shift per character (polyalphabetic), whereas the question's phrasing typically points to the fundamental "shift cipher," which is Caesar. SHA-1 is a cryptographic hash function, not a cipher. Bifid is a fractionation cipher combining Polybius square coordinates and transposition, not a direct shifting method. Therefore, the cipher that uses shifting letters of the alphabet for encryption is the Caesar cipher.
NEW QUESTION # 64
(Which cryptographic operation uses a single key?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Symmetric cryptography uses a single shared secret key for both encryption and decryption. This contrasts with asymmetric cryptography, which uses a key pair (public/private). Symmetric algorithms (like AES, ChaCha20) are efficient and well-suited for bulk data encryption, but they require a secure method for key distribution because both parties must possess the same secret. Hashing is not a keyed operation by default (though HMAC is keyed); it maps arbitrary data to a fixed-size digest and is primarily used for integrity checking, fingerprints, and password hashing constructions. Padding is a data formatting technique (e.g., PKCS#7) used to align plaintext to a block size; it is not a cryptographic "operation" that uses a key. Therefore, the cryptographic operation characterized by using one key shared between parties is symmetric encryption. In real systems, symmetric encryption is frequently combined with asymmetric methods for key exchange and with MACs/AEAD for integrity, producing the standard hybrid approach used in protocols like TLS and IPsec.
NEW QUESTION # 65
(Quantum computing poses a threat to which cryptographic algorithm?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
Large-scale quantum computers threaten many widely deployed public-key algorithms because quantum algorithms can solve their underlying hard math problems efficiently. In particular, Shor's algorithm can factor large integers and compute discrete logarithms in polynomial time, which directly breaks the security assumptions of RSA (factoring) and traditional Diffie-Hellman/ECC (discrete log). That makes RSA the clearest target among the options. By comparison, symmetric algorithms like AES are affected mainly by Grover's algorithm, which provides a quadratic speedup for brute force; this can be mitigated by using larger keys (e.g., AES-256). Hash functions like SHA-256 also face Grover-style speedups for preimage search, again mitigated by output length/security margin, and collision resistance is impacted differently. ECB is a mode of operation, not a standalone algorithm, and its issues are classical (pattern leakage), not specifically quantum. Therefore, the algorithm most directly threatened by quantum computing among the choices is RSA.
NEW QUESTION # 66
(Two people want to communicate through secure email. The person creating the email wants to ensure only their friend can decrypt the email. Which key should the person creating the email use to encrypt the message?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
To ensure confidentiality so that only the intended recipient can decrypt an email, the sender must encrypt in a way that only the recipient can reverse. In public key cryptography, that means encrypting with the recipient's public key. The recipient is the only party who should possess the matching private key, so only they can decrypt the ciphertext. This pattern is fundamental to PKI-based secure email systems such as S/MIME and OpenPGP: the sender looks up or is provided the recipient's certificate/public key, encrypts the message (often by encrypting a randomly generated symmetric session key with the recipient's public key), and the recipient uses their private key to recover the session key and decrypt the content. Encrypting with the sender' s private key would not provide confidentiality; it resembles signing because anyone with the sender's public key could "decrypt" it. Encrypting with a private key of the recipient is also incorrect because private keys are not shared and should never leave the recipient's control. Therefore, the correct key to encrypt the message so only the friend can decrypt it is the recipient's public key.
NEW QUESTION # 67
(What are the roles of keys when using digital signatures?)
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 68
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