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NEW QUESTION # 155
Which of the following is a technique used in machine learning?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Decision trees are a widely usedmachine learning (ML) techniquethat falls undersupervised learning. They are used for bothclassification and regressiontasks and are popular due to their interpretability and effectiveness.
* How Decision Trees Work:
* The model splits the dataset into branches based on feature conditions.
* It continues to divide the data until each subset belongs to a single category (classification) or predicts a continuous value (regression).
* The final result is a tree structure where decisions are made atnodes, and predictions are given at leaf nodes.
* Common Applications of Decision Trees:
* Fraud detection
* Medical diagnosis
* Customer segmentation
* Recommendation systems
* B (Equivalence Partitioning):This is asoftware testing technique, not a machine learning method. It is used to divide input data into partitions to reduce test cases while maintaining coverage.
* C (Boundary Value Analysis):Anothersoftware testing technique, used to check edge cases around input boundaries.
* D (Decision Tables):A structuredtesting techniqueused to validate business rules and logic, not a machine learning method.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 3.1: Forms of Machine Learning - Decision Trees)
* "Decision trees are used in classification and regression models and are fundamental ML algorithms".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Sincedecision trees are a core technique in machine learning, while the other options are software testing techniques, thecorrect answer is A.
NEW QUESTION # 156
A local business has a mail pickup/delivery robot for their office. The robot currently uses a track to move between pickup/drop off locations. When it arrives at a destination, the robot stops to allow a human to remove or deposit mail.
The office has decided to upgrade the robot to include AI capabilities that allow the robot to perform its duties without a track, without running into obstacles, and without human intervention.
The test team is creating a list of new and previously established test objectives and acceptance criteria to be used in the testing of the robot upgrade. Which of the following test objectives will test an AI quality characteristic for this system?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the syllabus, theevolutioncharacteristic for AI-based systems means the ability of the system to evolve and adapt its behavior in response to changes in the environment or in its own performance:
"Evolution is the system's ability to change itself to adapt to new situations, different hardware, or a changing operational environment."
NEW QUESTION # 157
Which ONE of the following requirements for an AI based system is MOST likely to cause a challenge for testing?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C . A requirement that an AI-based system be 100% accurate with no tolerance for failure creates a major testing challenge because many AI-based systems are probabilistic and may require accuracy tolerances rather than absolute expected outcomes. The CT-AI syllabus states that the probabilistic nature of many AI-based systems can make it necessary to specify tolerances for quality requirements such as prediction accuracy.
Option A is also challenging because natural language interfaces increase flexibility and make it difficult to document all possible interactions, but it is not as absolute as requiring perfect accuracy. Option B is a conventional performance efficiency requirement and can normally be tested using timing and resource measurements. Option D relates to autonomy and may require scenario-based testing, but it is still testable if the operational envelope and failure conditions are well specified. The decisive issue with option C is that it provides no tolerance range, no probabilistic acceptance model, and no practical allowance for statistical uncertainty. This creates both a specification problem and a test oracle problem.
References/topics: CT-AI Syllabus Chapter 7, Section 7.1 "Specification of AI-Based Systems"; Chapter
8, Section 8.4 "Challenges Testing Probabilistic and Non-Deterministic AI-Based Systems."
=========
NEW QUESTION # 158
Data used for an object detection ML system was found to have been labelled incorrectly in many cases.
Which ONE of the following options is most likely the reason for this problem?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: B
Explanation:
The question refers to a problem where data used for an object detection ML system was labelled incorrectly.
This issue is most closely related to "accuracy issues." Here's a detailed explanation:
* Accuracy Issues: The primary goal of labeling data in machine learning is to ensure that the model can accurately learn and make predictions based on the given labels. Incorrectly labeled data directly impacts the model's accuracy, leading to poor performance because the model learns incorrect patterns.
* Why Not Other Options:
* Security Issues: This pertains to data breaches or unauthorized access, which is not relevant to the problem of incorrect data labeling.
* Privacy Issues: This concerns the protection of personal data and is not related to the accuracy of data labeling.
* Bias Issues: While bias in data can affect model performance, it specifically refers to systematic errors or prejudices in the data rather than outright incorrect labeling.
References:This explanation is consistent with the concepts covered in the ISTQB CT-AI syllabus under dataset quality issues and their impact on machine learning models.
NEW QUESTION # 159
A company is using a spam filter to attempt to identify which emails should be marked as spam. Detection rules are created by the filter that causes a message to be classified as spam. An attacker wishes to have all messages internal to the company be classified as spam. So, the attacker sends messages with obvious red flags in the body of the email and modifies the "from" portion of the email to make it appear that the emails have been sent by company members. The testers plan to use exploratory data analysis (EDA) to detect the attack and use this information to prevent future adversarial attacks.
How could EDA be used to detect this attack?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The syllabus explains that EDA can be used to analyze data to identify outliers and unusual patterns, which can indicate adversarial attacks like data poisoning:
"Testing to detect data poisoning is possible using EDA, as poisoned data may show up as outliers." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 9.1.2, page 67 of 99)
NEW QUESTION # 160
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