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NEW QUESTION # 51
What common mitigation tool is used for directly handling or treating cyber risks?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In cybersecurity risk management, risk treatment is the set of actions used to reduce risk to an acceptable level. The most common tool used to directly treat or mitigate cyber risk is a control because controls are the specific safeguards that prevent, detect, or correct adverse events. Cybersecurity frameworks describe controls as measures implemented to reduce either the likelihood of a threat event occurring or the impact if it does occur. Controls can be technical (such as multifactor authentication, encryption, endpoint protection, network segmentation, logging and monitoring), administrative (policies, standards, training, access approvals, change management), or physical (badges, locks, facility protections). Regardless of type, controls are the direct mechanism used to mitigate identified risks.
An exit strategy is typically a vendor or outsourcing risk management concept focused on how to transition away from a provider or system; it supports resilience but is not the primary tool for directly mitigating a specific cyber risk. Standards guide consistency by defining required practices and configurations, but the standard itself is not the mitigation-controls implemented to meet the standard are. A business continuity plan supports availability and recovery after disruption, which is important, but it primarily addresses continuity and recovery rather than directly reducing the underlying cybersecurity risk in normal operations. Therefore, the best answer is the one that represents the direct implementation of safeguards: controls.
NEW QUESTION # 52
What is a risk owner?
Answer: D
Explanation:
A risk owner is the individual who is accountable for a specific risk being properly managed to an acceptable level. Accountability means the risk owner has the authority and obligation to ensure the risk is assessed, an appropriate treatment decision is made, and the organization follows through-whether that decision is to mitigate, transfer, avoid, or accept the risk. In many governance models, the risk owner is typically a business or technology leader who "owns" the process, asset, or outcome most affected by the risk, and who can commit resources or approve changes needed to address it.
This is different from the person who performs the mitigation work. A risk owner may delegate tasks to control owners, engineers, or project teams, but they remain accountable for ensuring actions are completed, deadlines are met, residual risk is understood, and exceptions are documented and approved according to policy. The risk owner is also the person who should review changes in risk conditions over time, such as new vulnerabilities, changes in threat activity, or business/process changes that alter impact.
Option C describes an implementer or control owner, not necessarily the accountable party. Option D is simply the discoverer of the risk, and option B is incorrect because risks are often created by circumstances, design choices, or external factors rather than a single person.
NEW QUESTION # 53
How is a risk score calculated?
Answer: A
Explanation:
A risk score is commonly calculated by combining two core factors: how likely a risk scenario is to occur and how severe the consequences would be if it did occur. This is often described in cybersecurity risk documentation as likelihood times impact, or as a structured mapping using a risk matrix. Probability or likelihood reflects the chance that a threat event will exploit a vulnerability under current conditions. It may consider elements such as threat activity, exposure, ease of exploitation, control strength, and historical incident patterns. Impact reflects the magnitude of harm to the organization, usually measured across business disruption, financial loss, legal or regulatory exposure, reputational damage, and harm to confidentiality, integrity, or availability.
While confidentiality, integrity, and availability are essential for understanding what matters and can influence impact ratings, they are typically inputs into impact determination rather than the full scoring method by themselves. Past experience and expert threat assessment can inform likelihood estimates, but they are not the standard calculation model on their own. The key concept is that risk must reflect both chance and consequence; a highly impactful event with very low likelihood may be scored similarly to a moderate impact event with high likelihood depending on the organization's methodology.
Therefore, the most accurate description of how a risk score is calculated is the combination of probability and impact, enabling prioritization and consistent risk treatment decisions.
NEW QUESTION # 54
A significant benefit of role-based access is that it:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Role-based access control assigns permissions to defined roles that reflect job functions, and users receive access by being placed into the appropriate role. The major operational and security benefit is that it simplifies and standardizes access provisioning. Instead of granting permissions individually to each user, administrators manage a smaller, controlled set of roles such as Accounts Payable Clerk, HR Specialist, or Application Administrator. When a new employee joins or changes responsibilities, access can be adjusted quickly and consistently by changing role membership. This reduces manual errors, limits over-provisioning, and helps enforce least privilege because each role is designed to include only the permissions required for that function.
RBAC also improves governance by making access decisions more repeatable and policy-driven. Security and compliance teams can review roles, validate that each role's permissions match business needs, and require approvals for changes to role definitions. This approach supports segregation of duties by separating conflicting capabilities into different roles, which lowers fraud and misuse risk.
Option B is a real advantage of RBAC, but it is typically a secondary outcome of having structured roles rather than the primary "significant benefit" emphasized in access-control design. Option C relates to identity lifecycle processes such as deprovisioning, which can be integrated with RBAC but is not guaranteed by RBAC alone. Option D describes distributing tasks among multiple users, which is more aligned with segregation of duties design, not the core benefit of RBAC.
NEW QUESTION # 55
What risk to information integrity is a Business Analyst aiming to minimize, by defining processes and procedures that describe interrelations between data sets in a data warehouse implementation?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In a data warehouse, information from multiple operational sources is consolidated, transformed, and related through keys, joins, and business rules. When a Business Analyst defines processes and procedures that describe how data sets interrelate, they are primarily controlling the risk created by data aggregation. Aggregation risk arises when combining multiple datasets produces a new, richer dataset that can change the meaning, sensitivity, or trustworthiness of the information. If relationships and transformation rules are poorly defined or inconsistently applied, the warehouse can generate misleading analytics, incorrect roll-ups, duplicated records, or invalid correlations-directly harming information integrity because decisions are made on inaccurate or improperly combined data.
Well-defined interrelation procedures specify authoritative sources, master data rules, key management, referential integrity expectations, transformation and reconciliation steps, and data lineage. These controls help ensure the warehouse preserves correctness when data is integrated across systems with different formats, definitions, and update cycles. They also support governance by enabling validation checks (for example, balancing totals to source systems, exception handling, and data-quality thresholds) and by making it clear which dataset should be trusted for specific attributes.
Unauthorized access and confidentiality are important warehouse risks, but they are addressed mainly through access controls and encryption. Cross-site scripting is a web application vulnerability and is not the core issue in describing dataset relationships. Therefore, the correct answer is Data Aggregation.
NEW QUESTION # 56
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