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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Applied Cryptography | - VPN Security - PGP and Email Encryption - Cryptographic Best Practices - SSL/TLS Protocols |
| Topic 2: Symmetric Cryptography | - Stream Ciphers - Key Management - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) |
| Topic 3: Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Digital Signature Standards - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) |
| Topic 4: Cryptography Fundamentals | - Cryptographic Terminology - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - History and Evolution of Cryptography |
| Topic 5: Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Social Engineering Prevention - Common Attack Vectors - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks |
| Topic 6: Asymmetric Cryptography | - RSA Algorithm - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange |
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NEW QUESTION # 34
(What is the Enigma machine known for in the history of cryptography?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
The Enigma machine is historically known as an electro-mechanical cipher device used primarily by Nazi Germany to secure military and diplomatic communications during World War II. It implemented a polyalphabetic substitution through a system of rotors, a reflector, and a plugboard, producing a large number of possible daily key settings. Operators would configure rotor order, ring settings, initial positions, and plugboard swaps, then type messages to generate ciphertext. Enigma's operational security depended heavily on correct procedures and secrecy of keys; weaknesses in procedures and design properties, combined with brilliant cryptanalysis and engineering efforts by Allied codebreakers (notably at Bletchley Park), enabled large-scale decryption of Enigma-encrypted traffic. In cryptography history, Enigma represents the transition from manual ciphers to machine-assisted encryption and demonstrates how both mathematics and operational practices determine real-world security. It is not simply an "algorithm" in the modern software sense, and it is not a decryption method or email encryption tool. Therefore, the correct description is that it was a device used for secure communication during WWII.
NEW QUESTION # 35
(Which number of bits gets encrypted each time encryption is applied during stream encryption?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
In the classical definition, a stream cipher encrypts data in very small units-often described as one bit at a time-by combining plaintext with a keystream (commonly via XOR). While many practical stream ciphers operate on bytes or words for efficiency, the conceptual distinction compared to block ciphers is that stream encryption processes data as a continuous stream rather than fixed-size blocks.
This is why the standard teaching answer is "1 bit" per application of the keystream. Block ciphers, by contrast, encrypt blocks like 64 bits (DES/3DES) or 128 bits (AES) in each invocation of the block primitive. Options like 40, 192, and 256 are not typical stream cipher "per-step" processing sizes; 40 and 256 are often associated with key sizes, and 192 could be a key size for AES, not an encryption granularity. The essential security requirement for stream ciphers is that the keystream must be unpredictable and never reused with the same key/nonce combination; otherwise XOR properties allow attackers to recover relationships between plaintexts. Thus, the best answer is 1.
NEW QUESTION # 36
(What is the maximum key size (in bits) supported by AES?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
AES supports three standardized key sizes: 128, 192, and 256 bits, with a fixed block size of 128 bits. The maximum of these supported key sizes is 256 bits (AES-256). Key size affects resistance to brute-force key search: larger keys exponentially increase the search space. In practice, AES-128 is already considered strong against brute force with contemporary computing capabilities, while AES-256 is often chosen for compliance requirements, conservative security margins, or to hedge against future advances. AES-512 is not part of the AES standard; if 512-bit keys are desired, systems typically use different constructions (like using AES-256 in certain key-derivation or wrapping schemes) rather than changing AES itself. Therefore, the correct maximum supported AES key size is 256 bits.
NEW QUESTION # 37
(What is lattice-based cryptography?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
Lattice-based cryptography refers to cryptographic constructions whose security is based on the computational hardness of problems on mathematical lattices (regular grids of points in high-dimensional space). Examples of hard lattice problems include the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) and Closest Vector Problem (CVP), and practical schemes often use related problems like Learning With Errors (LWE) or Ring- LWE. These problems are believed to remain hard even for quantum computers, making lattice-based cryptography a major candidate family for post-quantum cryptography. Lattice schemes can support encryption, digital signatures, and key exchange, often with strong security reductions (worst-case to average- case) and efficient implementations. The word "lattice" here is not about simple point encoding; it's about relying on geometric/algebraic structures and noise-based hardness assumptions. It is also unrelated to blockchain "options." While many lattice schemes do involve modular arithmetic internally, what defines the category is the underlying lattice hardness assumptions, not modular arithmetic alone. Therefore, the correct definition is a cryptographic scheme based on geometric lattices.
NEW QUESTION # 38
(Why should an asymmetric private key be used to encrypt the digest of an application?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
Digital signing of software typically works by hashing the application (or its manifest) and then using the publisher's private key to create a digital signature over that digest. The private key is used because it is secret and uniquely controlled by the publisher; only the publisher should be able to produce a valid signature. Verifiers (customers) use the publisher's public key to validate the signature and confirm that the digest matches the software they received. This yields two key properties: integrity (the software hasn't been altered; any modification changes the digest and breaks verification) and authenticity (the signature proves it came from the private-key holder). Option A incorrectly describes symmetric stream encryption. Option C incorrectly generalizes private-key behavior as "block encryption." Option D is wrong because verification uses the public key, not a private key; also,
"encrypting with private key" in this context is better understood as signing, not confidentiality encryption. Therefore, the correct rationale is that the asymmetric private key is used to sign the file's digest so the corresponding public key can verify integrity and authenticity.
NEW QUESTION # 39
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