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CIPS L4M5 Exam Syllabus Topics:

SectionObjectives
Negotiation planning and preparation- Preparation techniques
  • 1. Setting objectives and targets
    • 2. Information gathering and analysis
      • 3. BATNA and reservation points
        Negotiation fundamentals- Principles of commercial negotiation
        • 1. Definition and purpose of negotiation
          • 2. Types of negotiation (distributive vs integrative)
            Negotiation strategies and tactics- Approaches to negotiation
            • 1. Tactical behaviours and influence techniques
              • 2. Collaborative and competitive strategies
                • 3. Concession strategies
                  Power, ethics and communication in negotiation- Influencing factors
                  • 1. Sources of negotiation power
                    • 2. Ethical considerations in negotiation
                      • 3. Communication and interpersonal skills

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                        CIPS Commercial Negotiation Sample Questions (Q156-Q161):

                        NEW QUESTION # 156
                        Which of the following is a source of information on microeconomic factors?

                        Answer: C

                        Explanation:
                        Reference: CIPS L4M5 Study Guide, Section 2.3 - Market Factors and Analysis


                        NEW QUESTION # 157
                        Which of the following are most likely to be sources of conflict that can emerge from the process of commercial negotiations? Select TWO that apply.

                        Answer: A,D

                        Explanation:
                        :
                        There are multiple sources of divergent positions that can arise in situations where money is exchange for goods and services. There are 2 different types of sources. Those that arise from the content or subject matter of the negotiation (what is being negotiated) and those that arise from the process of negotiation (how it is being negotiated).
                        Sources of divergent positions - the process of negotiation:
                        Table Description automatically generated

                        Line of best fits is the line that goes approximately through the middle of the data points with an equal number of data points above and below it. Line of best fits is a method of calculating medium value in statistics.
                        Standard terms and conditions are basic terms and conditions of business governing transactions that do not have a definitive contract, usually designed to be included in form documents such as orders. While there may be conflicts regarding standard terms and conditions, they are about the content of negotiation, not the process.
                        Type of purchase: when buying organisation makes an decision to purchase an item, a buyer is faced with three possible scenarios. The item to be bought could be a straight re-buy, a modified re-buy or a new purchase. Decision on type of purchase is purely an internal decision.


                        NEW QUESTION # 158
                        Which of the following will shift the supply curve to the right?

                        Answer: B

                        Explanation:
                        Explanation
                        The following graph shows the factors that shift the supply curve to the left and to the right.
                        Diagram Description automatically generated with medium confidence


                        NEW QUESTION # 159
                        The buyer's bargaining power tends to be relatively higher than supplier's bargaining power in which of the following circumstances?

                        Answer: D

                        Explanation:
                        :
                        Buyer power gives customers/consumers (buyers) the ability to squeeze industry margins by pressuring firms (the suppliers) to reduce prices or increase the quality of services or products offered.
                        There are four major factors to consider when determining the bargaining power of buyers:
                        1. Number of buyers relative to suppliers: If the number of buyers is small relative to that of suppliers, the buyer's power will be stronger.
                        2. Dependence of a buyer's purchase on a particular supplier: If a buyer is able to get similar products
                        /services from other suppliers, buyers depend less on a particular supplier. Therefore, the power of the buyer would be greater.
                        3. Switching costs: If there are not many alternative suppliers available, the cost of switching is high.
                        Therefore, buyer power would be low.
                        4. Backward Integration: If the buyer is able to integrate or merge suppliers, the buyer has greater bargaining power over the existing suppliers.
                        When is Bargaining Power of Buyers High/Strong?
                        There are fewer buyers relative to that of suppliers
                        The switching costs of the buyer are low
                        If the buyer is able to backward integrate
                        The buyer purchases product in bulk (high volume)
                        The buyer is able to get similar product/services from other suppliers
                        The buyer purchases the majority of the seller's products
                        Several substitutes are available on the market
                        Product is not differentiated


                        NEW QUESTION # 160
                        Which of the following is NOT a barrier to entry in a monopolized market?

                        Answer: B

                        Explanation:
                        Monopolies exist in many markets in real life for very different reasons:
                        Ownership of a Key Resource: When one company exerts sole control over a resource that is necessary for the production of a specific product, the market may become a monopoly. For example, the only medication deemed acceptable to treat a disease comes from a particular ingredient X, and knowledge of this ingredient X is owned by a single family owned company. The company can, therefore, be said to have a monopoly over ingredient X that is needed to cure the disease because it is the only company that can produce a product deemed acceptable.
                        Government Franchise: In certain instances, a monopoly may be explicitly created by the government if it grants a single company, whether private or government-owned, the right to conduct business in a particular market. For example, when a national railways transportation service is created by the government, in most cases they are granted a monopoly on the operation of passenger trains in the country. As a result, other firms are only able to offer passenger train services with the cooperation and/or permission of the government- owned provider.
                        Intellectual Property Protection: Extending intellectual property protection to a company in the form of patents and copyrights is yet another way in which monopolies are created. When a government does this, it is in fact giving a single company an exclusive right to provide a particular product / service to the market.
                        Patents and copyrights work in providing owners of intellectual property with the right to act as an exclusive provider of a new product for a specific length of time. This creates a temporary monopoly in the market with regards to new products and services.
                        Natural Monopoly: A market may also become a monopoly simply because it may be more cost-effective for one company to serve the whole market than to have several smaller firms in competition with one another. A company with virtually unlimited economies of scale is referred to as a natural monopoly. Such firms become monopolies due to their position and size, which makes it impossible for new entrants in the market to compete price-wise. Natural monopolies are common in industries with high fixed costs and low marginal costs of operation such as providers of television, telephone, and internet services.
                        In this question, 'A single firm is very large' is not enough to tell whether this market is monopolistic.


                        NEW QUESTION # 161
                        ......

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