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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cryptographic Protocols and Applications | - Secure communication design principles - TLS/SSL conceptual overview |
| Topic 2: Hash Functions and Message Authentication | - Cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA family concepts) - MAC and HMAC mechanisms |
| Topic 3: Asymmetric Encryption | - Public key cryptography principles - RSA and ECC fundamentals |
| Topic 4: Symmetric Encryption | - Block and stream ciphers - AES and legacy algorithms (e.g., DES conceptually) |
| Topic 5: Key Management and PKI | - Certificates, certificate authorities, and PKI structure - Key exchange and lifecycle management |
| Topic 6: Foundations of Cryptography | - Core concepts of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Historical and modern cryptography principles |
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NEW QUESTION # 61
(What is the value of 51 mod 11?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
The value 51 mod 11 is the remainder after dividing 51 by 11. Modular arithmetic is widely used in cryptography to keep computations within a finite set of residues, such as in RSA where values are taken modulo n, or in Diffie-Hellman where exponents and group elements are reduced modulo a prime. To compute 51 mod 11, find the largest multiple of 11 less than or equal to 51. Multiples of 11 are 11, 22, 33, 44, 55. The closest without exceeding 51 is 44. Subtracting gives 51 # 44 = 7, so the remainder is 7. Therefore, 51 mod 11 = 7, matching option "07." This remainder is always in the range
0 through 10 because the modulus is 11. Such residue computations underpin the "wraparound" behavior that makes modular exponentiation and inverse computations well-defined in cryptographic groups.
NEW QUESTION # 62
(A company wants to use certificates issued by a root CA to demonstrate to customers that it is a legitimate company being hosted by a cloud provider. Who needs to trust the root CA public key?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
In a public key infrastructure, trust in a certificate ultimately depends on the relying party's trust anchor set-typically the root CA certificates preinstalled in a customer's browser/OS trust store. For customers to accept the company's certificate as legitimate, the buyer (customer) must trust the root CA public key (or an intermediate chained to it) so they can validate the certificate chain and signatures. The seller (the company) also must trust and rely on the root CA public key to build and present a valid chain and to make operational decisions based on that CA's issuance and revocation mechanisms; practically, the seller selects a CA whose root is widely trusted by customers. The cloud provider's trust is not what makes the certificate valid to customers; the provider may terminate TLS or pass traffic through, but customer validation is based on the chain to a trusted root. Government agencies like the FTC are not part of the cryptographic trust path for TLS certificate validation.
Therefore, among the given options, the correct pairing is the seller and the buyer, reflecting both the issuer selection/usage by the company and the relying-party validation by customers.
NEW QUESTION # 63
(What is the RC4 encryption key size when utilizing WPA with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
WPA with TKIP was designed as an interim improvement over WEP while still using the RC4 stream cipher for compatibility with legacy hardware. TKIP addresses WEP's major weaknesses by introducing per-packet key mixing, a message integrity mechanism ("Michael"), and replay protection. In TKIP, the encryption key used with RC4 is 128 bits. Practically, TKIP derives a per-packet RC4 key from a 128-bit temporal key (TK), the transmitter's MAC address, and a sequence counter (TKIP Sequence Counter, TSC) to avoid the simple IV reuse patterns that made WEP easy to break. Even with these improvements, TKIP has known weaknesses and is deprecated in favor of WPA2/WPA3 using AES-based CCMP/GCMP. But strictly for the question asked, TKIP's RC4 keying material is based on a 128-bit key size, not 40/56-bit legacy sizes and not 256-bit.
NEW QUESTION # 64
(What describes a true random number generator?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
A true random number generator (TRNG) draws randomness from physical phenomena that are inherently unpredictable and not algorithmically reproducible. Because of this, it is nondeterministic:
you cannot feed it the same "input" and expect the same output stream. TRNGs are often slower than PRNGs because they depend on collecting entropy from hardware sources and may require conditioning to remove bias. This aligns with option B: slow and nondeterministic, producing different results even under similar or repeated conditions. Option A describes a deterministic PRNG, where identical seeds yield identical sequences. Option C is unrelated; factorization is a hard math problem used in cryptography (e.g., RSA security assumptions), not a randomness generator definition. Option D describes a counter, which is deterministic and not random. In secure systems, TRNG output may seed a cryptographically secure PRNG to provide both unpredictability and high throughput; but the defining characteristic of a TRNG is nondeterminism from physical entropy. Therefore, option B is correct.
NEW QUESTION # 65
(What type of encryption uses different keys to encrypt and decrypt the message?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
Asymmetric encryption (also called public key cryptography) uses a pair of mathematically related keys: a public key and a private key. One key is used to encrypt, and the other is used to decrypt, which is the defining "different keys" property asked in the question. In the common confidentiality use case, a sender encrypts a message using the recipient's public key, and only the recipient can decrypt it using their private key. This solves the key distribution problem inherent in symmetric encryption, where both parties must securely share the same secret key in advance. Asymmetric systems also enable digital signatures: the private key signs (creates a signature) and the public key verifies it, providing authenticity and integrity. Symmetric encryption, by contrast, uses the same shared key for both encryption and decryption (even though internal round keys may exist, it is still one shared secret). "Private key" alone is not a full encryption type, and
"secure" is a generic description rather than a cryptographic category. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
Asymmetric.
NEW QUESTION # 66
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