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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Digital Evidence Handling and Legal Aspects | - Chain of custody and evidence integrity - Legal and ethical considerations in forensics |
| Topic 2: Malware and Incident Investigation | - Incident response procedures and reporting - Malware identification and analysis basics |
| Topic 3: Computer Forensics Fundamentals | - File systems and data storage concepts - Evidence acquisition and preservation techniques |
| Topic 4: Introduction to Digital Forensics | - Fundamentals of digital forensics and investigation process - Types of digital evidence and forensic readiness |
| Topic 5: Windows and Disk Forensics | - Disk imaging and analysis techniques - Windows artifacts and registry analysis |
| Topic 6: Network Forensics | - Network traffic analysis - Packet capture and log analysis |
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NEW QUESTION # 24
Which of the following techniques is used to compute the hash value for a given binary code to uniquely identify malware or periodically verify changes made to the binary code during analysis?
Answer: C
Explanation:
File fingerprintingis the forensic technique of generating acryptographic hash(such as MD5, SHA-1, SHA-
256) for a file to create aunique, repeatable identifierfor that exact byte sequence. In malware forensics, analysts compute hashes to (1)uniquely identifya suspicious binary across cases and tools, (2) confirm whether two samples are identical or different variants, and (3)verify integrity over time-for example, ensuring the sample did not change during copying, extraction, sandbox handling, or during an analysis workflow that might inadvertently modify the file (e.g., patching, unpacking outputs, or tool-side normalization). Re-hashing at different stages provides a defensible way to demonstrate that the analyzed artifact is the same as the acquired artifact, supporting evidentiary integrity and chain-of-custody principles commonly emphasized in digital forensics documentation.
The other techniques do not primarily serve this purpose.Strings searchextracts readable text fragments but does not produce a unique integrity identifier.Local and online malware scanninguses signatures/reputation and may identify families, but it is not an integrity verification mechanism for the exact file bytes.Malware disassemblyhelps understand logic and instructions, not compute an identity hash. Therefore, the correct answer isFile fingerprinting (A).
NEW QUESTION # 25
Jack, a forensic investigator, was appointed to investigate a Windows-based security incident. In this process, he employed an Autopsy tool to recover the deleted files from unallocated space, which helps in gathering potential evidence.
Which of the following functions of Autopsy helped Jack recover the deleted files?
Answer: B
Explanation:
When a file is deleted on common file systems, the operating system typically removes the directory reference and marks the previously used clusters/blocks asunallocated, but the underlying file content may remain on disk until it is overwritten. Digital forensics procedures emphasize that recovering such deleted content often requires examining unallocated space rather than relying only on file system metadata.Autopsy's "Data Carving"function is specifically intended for this purpose: it scans unallocated space (and sometimes slack space) forfile signatures(headers/footers and internal structure patterns) and reconstructs recoverable files even when the original filename, path, or metadata is missing.
This directly matches the scenario: Jack recovered deleted files fromunallocated space, which is the classic use case for carving. The other options in Autopsy support different investigative goals.Timeline analysiscorrelates timestamps from multiple artifacts to reconstruct sequences of activity, but it does not itself reconstruct deleted file content from raw disk areas.Web artifactsfocuses on browser history, downloads, cookies, and related traces.Multimediahelps categorize and analyze media files (e.g., images/videos), but it is not the primary mechanism for recovering deleted data from unallocated space. Therefore, the Autopsy function that enabled the recovery described isData carving (D)
NEW QUESTION # 26
Below are the various steps involved in forensic readiness planning.
Keep an incident response team ready to review the incident and preserve the evidence.
Create a process for documenting the procedure.
Identify the potential evidence required for an incident.
Determine the sources of evidence.
Establish a legal advisory board to guide the investigation process.
Identify if the incident requires full or formal investigation.
Establish a policy for securely handling and storing the collected evidence.
Define a policy that determines the pathway to legally extract electronic evidence with minimal disruption.
Identify the correct sequence of steps involved in forensic readiness planning.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Forensic readiness planning focuses on ensuring an organization canlegally, efficiently, and reliablycollect usable digital evidence before an incident occurs. The planning sequence typically begins by definingwhat evidence would be neededto support likely incidents (3) and then mappingwhere that evidence residesacross systems, services, logs, endpoints, and network components (4). Once evidence needs and sources are known, readiness requires alegally compliant extraction pathwaythat minimizes business disruption and prevents evidence contamination (8). After defining extraction, an organization must formalizesecure handling and storage policies(chain of custody, access control, retention, integrity protection) so collected evidence remains admissible and trustworthy (7).
With those foundations in place, the organization can define decision criteria forwhen an event becomes a formal investigationand triggers deeper forensic procedures (6). A structureddocumentation processis then set so actions taken during acquisition and analysis are repeatable and defensible (2). Governance is reinforced by establishinglegal oversight/advisory supportto ensure compliance with jurisdictional requirements and internal policy (5). Finally, the plan is operationalized by ensuring anincident response team is preparedto preserve evidence promptly when incidents occur (1). Hence,3#4#8#7#6#2#5#1is the correct sequence.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Bob, a forensic investigator, is investigating a live Windows system found at a crime scene. In this process, Bob extracted subkeys containing information such as SAM, Security, and software using an automated tool called FTK Imager.
Which of the following Windows Registry hives' subkeys provide the above information to Bob?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In Windows forensics, the Registry is organized into logical root keys ("hives") that aggregate configuration and security data. The items named in the question-SAM,SECURITY, andSOFTWARE-aresystem-wide registry hivesstored on disk (typically under the system's configuration directory) and loaded at runtime underHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM). Investigators rely on these hives because they contain high- value evidence: theSAMhive stores local account database information (including user and group identifiers and credential-related material), theSECURITYhive holds system security policy and LSA-related settings, and theSOFTWAREhive contains installed software, application configuration, and many operating system settings relevant for program execution and persistence analysis.
Tools likeFTK Imagercan extract these hives (or their live-memory representations) during triage to preserve volatile context and enable offline parsing while maintaining evidentiary integrity. The other root keys do not match these specific hives:HKEY_CURRENT_USERis per-user profile data, HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIGreflects current hardware profile, andHKEY_CLASSES_ROOTis primarily file association/COM class mapping (largely derived from HKLM\Software\Classes and HKCU\Software\Classes). Therefore, the correct hive root that provides SAM, SECURITY, and SOFTWARE subkeys isHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (B).
NEW QUESTION # 28
Bob, a forensic specialist at a newly established NGO, discovered a security loophole in the NGO's web application, which unintentionally reveals early enrolled NGO members' biodata to attackers. Bob immediately employed a content filtering mechanism to protect all the NGO's data sources and prevent further damage.
Identify the web application threat identified by Bob in the above scenario.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The scenario describes a web application thatunintentionally reveals sensitive member biodatato attackers.
This is a classic case ofinformation leakage, where confidential or private data becomes exposed due to poor access control, improper output handling, verbose error messages, misconfigured endpoints, insecure direct object references, or unintended exposure through pages, APIs, backups, or logs. In forensic and web security documentation, information leakage is defined by theunauthorized disclosure of data, even if the attacker does not alter the system. The key indicator here is that the application is "revealing" biodata-meaning confidentiality is breached.
Bob's response-using acontent filtering mechanism-also aligns with mitigating data exposure. Content filtering can prevent sensitive fields from being returned, mask personally identifiable information, restrict responses based on user role, and sanitize outputs before they leave the server.
The other options do not match the described impact.Buffer overflowis a low-level memory corruption vulnerability, typically associated with native code execution rather than accidental biodata exposure.
Authentication hijackinginvolves taking over sessions/credentials, andcookie poisoninginvolves manipulating cookie values to gain privileges or alter behavior-neither is explicitly indicated. Therefore, the identified threat isInformation leakage (B).
NEW QUESTION # 29
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