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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Transparent traffic encryption - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Ingress and Gateway API integration |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
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NEW QUESTION # 29
You are creating a Cilium network policy for pods with the label app: frontend . The policy should allow all pods with that label to communicate with destinations inside 192.168.e.e/24 and using TCP on port 8888.
For example:
# Traffic to 192.168.9.23:8888 should be allowed
# Traffic to 192.168.10.5:8888 should be denied.
# Traffic to 192.168.9.12:5606 should be denied.
Which of the following policies is correct?
A)
Option A
B)
Option B
C)
Option C
D)
Option D
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option C has the correct Cilium policy structure. It selects pods labeled app: frontend , creates an egress rule with a valid CIDR entry, and combines that destination constraint with toPorts , port 8888 , and protocol TCP
. Because the CIDR and port restriction are in the same egress rule, traffic must meet both conditions.
Option A uses an unsupported address-range structure with from and to fields rather than CIDR notation.
Option B initially resembles the correct form but contains an additional malformed ports item at the egress- rule level. Option D uses unsupported action: allow and action: deny fields inside toPorts ; Cilium allow and deny behavior is expressed through policy sections such as egress and egressDeny , not per-port action properties.
The item is nevertheless defective. The prose and examples indicate 192.168.9.0/24 , while all displayed CIDR-based options specify 192.168.0.0/24 ; the source text itself shows the corrupted 192.168.e.e/24 . If
192.168.9.0/24 is authoritative, none of the exhibits permits the stated example. The supplied key B is structurally incorrect under the displayed manifests.
Official references
Cilium Layer 3 and CIDR Policies
Study Guide topic: CIDR selectors, Layer 4 ports, and rule composition.
NEW QUESTION # 30
A Kubernetes cluster is not currently running Cilium as a CNI, but the user would like to benefit from Hubbies observability capabilities on your cluster. Which one of the following options is NOT possible?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble is Cilium's integrated observability layer and consumes flow events produced by Cilium's eBPF datapath and embedded Hubble servers. The Hubble CLI is only a client; downloading its binary does not install a standalone datapath or create flow data on a cluster that lacks Cilium. Option B is therefore the operation that is not possible.
The other approaches represent recognized Cilium deployment or migration models. A direct migration can replace the CNI configuration and recycle workloads or nodes, although a naive cluster-wide transition can disrupt connectivity. CNI chaining allows Cilium to operate with another CNI: the existing plugin continues to provide basic connectivity and IP address management, while Cilium attaches eBPF programs to the created interfaces to provide visibility, policy, and other functions. Cilium also documents migration through dual overlays. In that model, the old and new networks coexist temporarily, nodes are moved in a controlled sequence, and workloads attached to either overlay retain connectivity when the documented addressing and routing requirements are met.
The supplied bank incorrectly marks A. The verified answer is B because Hubble requires Cilium-managed observability data.
Official references
Setting up Hubble Observability ; CNI Chaining ; Migrating a cluster to Cilium .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 31
As a Kubernetes user, you have deployed the following Cilium Network Policy:
Cilium Layer 7 network policy exhibit
The network policy is not having any effect. What Is the Issue?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The policy attaches an HTTP Layer 7 rule to port 80 but omits protocol: TCP from the associated ports entry.
HTTP policy is layered on a Layer 4 TCP rule, and the documented Cilium form explicitly identifies TCP before specifying the HTTP method and path. D therefore identifies the configuration defect intended by the question.
The cross-namespace source selection is valid. The policy resides in namespace back and selects backend pods there. Its fromEndpoints selector explicitly includes k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace: blog , allowing it to select matching app-frontend endpoints in that other namespace. Option A is consequently not an error.
The k8s: source prefix in k8s:app.kubernetes.io/name is also valid Cilium label syntax and identifies the Kubernetes label source, making B false. Port 80 may be used in a Cilium policy; the privileged-port restriction concerns which processes may bind low-numbered ports under operating-system permissions, not whether a network policy can reference them.
The corrected port entry should contain port: "80" together with protocol: TCP .
Official references
Cilium Layer 7 Policies , Kubernetes Constructs in Cilium Policy
Study Guide topic: Combining Layer 4 port rules with Layer 7 HTTP policies.
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which Cilium command should you execute to gather network-related troubleshooting information from your Kubernetes cluster?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended answer is D, but the option contains a source-bank typographical error. The valid command is cilium sysdump , not cilium sysduwp . Read literally, none of the four displayed commands exactly answers the question.
The Cilium CLI's sysdump operation gathers cluster-wide troubleshooting material, including Cilium configuration and endpoint state, agent and operator logs, Kubernetes workload information, routing and interface details, kernel messages, service state, policies, and selected eBPF-map output. This consolidated archive is the preferred diagnostic package when investigating Kubernetes networking or preparing a support report.
cilium status --verbose provides expanded health and deployment status, but it does not collect the comprehensive diagnostic archive requested. debuginfo is associated with the in-agent debug client- currently documented as cilium-dbg debuginfo -and produces useful local-agent API information; in Kubernetes environments it is already included as part of the system dump. cilium bugtool is not the current cluster-wide Cilium CLI command requested here.
For an exam-ready correction, option D should read cilium sysdump .
Official references
Cilium Troubleshooting and Sysdump
Study Guide topic: Cilium CLI troubleshooting, system dumps, and diagnostic collection.
NEW QUESTION # 33
Which component, when available, is able to handle IPAM requests?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The Cilium Operator handles IP address management responsibilities in IPAM modes that require cluster- wide or cloud-integrated allocation. Current documentation identifies the operator as responsible for IPAM in Azure IPAM, AWS ENI, and cluster-scope mode. Cloud-specific operators populate the appropriate allocation information in CiliumNode resources, after which node-local agents allocate addresses to endpoints from the available ranges.
The phrase "when available" is important because responsibilities vary by IPAM mode. Under Kubernetes host-scope IPAM, Kubernetes allocates each node's PodCIDR, and the Cilium agent consumes that range from the Kubernetes Node object. Nevertheless, among the supplied components, the operator is the component specifically associated with centralized IPAM requests and allocation management.
The Cilium agent implements each node's datapath and endpoint lifecycle but is not the general cluster-wide IPAM answer intended here. Cilium API Server is not the documented allocation component. The misspelled Cilium CNIPIugin refers to the CNI plugin, which requests networking setup when a pod is created but does not replace the operator's IPAM responsibilities.
Official references
Cilium Operator , Cilium IP Address Management
Study Guide topic: Cilium Operator responsibilities and IPAM modes.
NEW QUESTION # 34
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