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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile |
| Topic 2: System Hardening | 15% | - Modify host components to improve security - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper - Enable audit logging |
| Topic 3: Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Detect threats at the container level - Understand and monitor network traffic |
| Topic 4: Cluster Setup | 10% | - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure |
| Topic 5: Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Configure network policies for namespace isolation - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls |
| Topic 6: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Minimize base image footprint - Sign container images and verify signatures - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Understand the container build process - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Use distroless images for static workload - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Understand image security scanning and its workflow |
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NEW QUESTION # 46
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster with a deployment named 'web-app' that runs multiple pods. These pods access a database hosted on a separate Kubernetes service named 'database-service'. You need to ensure that the pods can only connect to the database service and are restricted from accessing other services in the cluster.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Network Policy:
- Create a Network Policy YAML file named 'web-app-policy.yaml with the following content
2. Apply the Network Policy: - Apply the policy using Skubectl apply -f web-app-policy.yamr 3. Verify the Network Policy: - Check the status of the Network Policy using 'kubectl get networkpolicieS to confirm that it has been applied. 4. Test the Connectivity: - Try to access the database service from a pod in the 'web-apps deployment. - Attempt to access other services from the same pod. - You should only be able to access the 'database-service' due to the Network Policy restrictions.
NEW QUESTION # 47
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster for a critical application. The cluster is exposed to the internet and uses a service account with default permissions- You need to implement a security strategy that limits the privileges of the service account to only the necessary permissions to run the application.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Identify Necessary Permissions: Analyze the application's requirements to identify the minimal permissions required by the service account. This might include access to specific resources, such as pods, services, and config maps.
2. Create a Custom Role: Define a custom role using Role or ClusterRole in Kubernetes-
- Create a YAML file for the Custom Role:
3. Bind the Role to Service Account Create a ROIeBinding or ClusterR01eBinding to associate tne custom role witn the service account.
4. Deploy the Role and ROIeBinding: Apply the YAML files using 'kubectl apply -f role.yaml and 'kubectl apply -f rolebinding.yamr Note: This is a basic example. You might need to refine the permissions based on your application's specific requirements.
NEW QUESTION # 48
You are configuring a Kubernetes cluster with a deployment named 'secure-app' that uses a secret named 'my-secret to access sensitive information You need to implement an Admission Controller webhook to enforce a policy that prevents the deployment from starting if the 'my-secret secret is not present in the cluster.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Deployment with a Secret Dependency:
- Create a Deployment YAML file named 'secure-app-deployment.yaml that depends on the 'my-secret secret.
2. Create the Admission Controller Webhook Server: - You will need to create a server that will implement the Admission Controller webhook logic This can be a simple web server written in any language that can receive and process AdmissionReview requests. - Here's an example in Node.js using the 'express' framework:
3. Configure the Admission Controller Webhook in Kubernetes: - Create a ValidatingWebhookConfiguration YAML file named 'secure-app-webhook.yaml that specifies the webhook configuration:
- Create the Webhook Service: - Create a Service YAML file named 'secure-app-webhook-service.yamr to expose the webhook server:k
4. Apply the Webhook Configuration and Service: - Apply the YAML files using kubectl apply -f secure-app-webhook.yaml secure-app-webhook-service.yaml 5. Test the Admission Controller: - Try creating the 'secure-app' deployment without the 'my-secret' secret. The deployment creation should fail, and you should see the message from the webhook server - Create the 'my-secret' secret and then try creating the 'secure-app' deployment again. The deployment should now be created successfully.
NEW QUESTION # 49
SIMULATION
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context prod-account
Context:
A Role bound to a Pod's ServiceAccount grants overly permissive permissions. Complete the following tasks to reduce the set of permissions.
Task:
Given an existing Pod named web-pod running in the namespace database.
1. Edit the existing Role bound to the Pod's ServiceAccount test-sa to only allow performing get operations, only on resources of type Pods.
2. Create a new Role named test-role-2 in the namespace database, which only allows performing update operations, only on resources of type statuefulsets.
3. Create a new RoleBinding named test-role-2-bind binding the newly created Role to the Pod's ServiceAccount.
Note: Don't delete the existing RoleBinding.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 50
SIMULATION
Documentation dockerd
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000037
Task
Perform the following tasks to secure the cluster node cks000037 :
Remove user developer from the docker group.
Do not remove the user from any other group.
Reconfigure and restart the Docker daemon to ensure that the socket
file located at /var/run/docker.sock is owned by the group root.
Re-configure and restart the Docker daemon to ensure it does not listen on any TCP port.
After completing your work, ensure the Kubernetes cluster is healthy.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000037
sudo -i
2) Remove user developer from the docker group ONLY
2.1 Verify current groups (optional but fast)
id developer
2.2 Remove ONLY from docker group
gpasswd -d developer docker
2.3 Verify removal
id developer
✅ docker should not appear; other groups must remain.
3) Reconfigure Docker to secure the socket and disable TCP
Docker config file:
vi /etc/docker/daemon.json
3.1 Set socket group to root and disable TCP listeners
Ensure the file contains exactly these relevant settings (merge with existing JSON if present):
{
"group": "root",
"hosts": ["unix:///var/run/docker.sock"]
}
Important:
"group": "root" → docker.sock owned by group root
"hosts" includes ONLY the unix socket (no tcp://)
If the file already exists with other keys, add/adjust only these keys and keep valid JSON (commas!).
Save and exit:
:wq
4) Restart Docker daemon
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart docker
systemctl status docker --no-pager
5) Verify Docker socket ownership and permissions
ls -l /var/run/docker.sock
Expected:
srw-rw---- 1 root root ...
✅ Owner: root
✅ Group: root
6) Verify Docker is NOT listening on TCP
ss -lntp | grep docker
Expected:
No output (or nothing bound to TCP by dockerd)
Optional double-check:
ps aux | grep dockerd | grep -v grep
Ensure no -H tcp://... flags.
7) Ensure Kubernetes cluster is healthy
7.1 Check node and pods
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
kubectl get nodes
kubectl get pods -A
All nodes should be Ready, core pods Running.
NEW QUESTION # 51
......
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