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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-Cluster Connectivity - Service Discovery and Load Balancing |
| Topic 2: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Cilium CLI and Configuration - Installation and Connectivity Testing |
| Topic 3: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks |
| Topic 4: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking - eBPF Role and Benefits |
| Topic 5: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| Topic 6: Architecture | 20% | - IP Address Management and Datapath Models - Cilium Architecture and Components |
| Topic 7: Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures |
| Topic 8: Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble CLI and UI - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility |
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NEW QUESTION # 25
Which affirmation is true about eBPF host-routing?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
C accurately describes eBPF host-routing. In a conventional datapath, packets may traverse substantial portions of the host networking stack and its iptables hooks even when Cilium performs routing decisions with eBPF. eBPF host-routing takes a more direct datapath, bypassing iptables and the upper host stack while providing a faster transition between the host and pod network namespaces. This reduces processing and context-switching overhead and can improve throughput and latency.
Option A describes load-balancing behavior rather than host routing. Backend distribution is implemented through Cilium's service load-balancer maps and algorithms. Host routing can improve the path used by resulting packets, but it does not itself guarantee even backend selection.
Option B is the description of BIG TCP. BIG TCP increases the size of internal GSO and GRO packets to reduce stack traversal. Although BIG TCP requires eBPF host-routing in supported Cilium configurations, the two are distinct features.
Option D is overly specific and does not define the feature. Host routing optimizes compatible pod traffic generally, subject to kernel, kube-proxy-replacement, masquerading, netfilter, encryption, and integration constraints.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Host-Routing
Study Guide topic: eBPF host-routing, host-stack bypass, veth traversal, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 26
This an Ingress configuration. What is the equivalent Gateway API configuration?
Question 19 source Ingress
A)
Question 19 option A
B)
Question 19 option B
C)
Question 19 option C
D)
Question 19 option D
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option B correctly represents the Ingress as a Gateway and an attached HTTPRoute . The Gateway is named cilium , uses gatewayClassName: cilium , and exposes an HTTP listener on port 80. The HTTPRoute uses parentRefs with the same Gateway name, cilium , so the route attaches to the declared listener. Its two rules preserve the original routing behavior: /details with PathPrefix targets the details Service on port 9080, while / with PathPrefix targets productpage on port 9080.
Option A declares a Gateway named cilium but attaches its route to nginx-gateway . Because the parent reference does not identify the displayed Gateway, it is not equivalent. Options C and D use kind: Route ; the correct resource kind for HTTP path routing is HTTPRoute . They also contain malformed or altered backend and matching fields. Option D changes the details backend name, while option C contains incorrect route structure and path content.
Cilium's official migration example uses the same conversion pattern: the Ingress class becomes the Gateway' s class, paths move into HTTPRoute.rules , and the route identifies its Gateway through parentRefs .
The supplied key incorrectly identifies A. The verified answer is B.
Official references
HTTP Migration Example .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which of these observability features is NOT supported by Hubble?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble does not obtain Layer 7 protocol visibility exclusively through eBPF without a proxy. By default, Cilium's datapath exposes Layer 3 and Layer 4 flow information. To produce supported application-layer events, traffic is selected through an L7 Cilium policy and redirected to the node-local Envoy proxy. Envoy parses the application protocol and forwards access-log information that Cilium and Hubble expose as Layer
7 flow events.
The other capabilities are supported. Hubble flow records contain the observing node, and the CLI provides node-based filtering. HTTP-aware flows can contain response status codes, enabling inspection or filtering for results such as 200 and 404. Hubble also records forwarding verdicts and drop reasons. Operators can filter for DROPPED traffic and distinguish policy-denied connections from forwarded traffic and other failure conditions.
This separation is fundamental to Cilium's architecture: eBPF provides efficient kernel-level forwarding, security enforcement, and L3/L4 observability, while Envoy supplies protocol parsing when request-level context is required. The integration remains transparent to applications, but the proxy is still present in the traffic path for Layer 7 visibility.
Therefore, B describes the unsupported mechanism and is the correct answer.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility ; Envoy ; Hubble CLI .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 28
What is the issue with the following egress gateway manifest specification?
Egress gateway manifest exhibit
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The manifest specifies both interface: net1 and egressIP: 10.3.4.5 in the same egressGateway configuration.
These properties are mutually exclusive. Cilium ignores an Egress Gateway policy containing both, so A correctly identifies the defect.
When interface is supplied, Cilium uses the selected interface and chooses its first suitable IPv4 and IPv6 addresses as the SNAT addresses. When egressIP is supplied, that address must already be assigned to a network device on the chosen gateway node; Cilium determines the corresponding interface through a route lookup. Administrators may also omit both fields, causing Cilium to select the default-route interface and its addresses.
Option B is incorrect because matchLabels can contain multiple label key-value pairs, as the exhibit does with app: blog and component: backend . Option C is false because the egress address need not be publicly routable; private addresses are valid when routing and upstream network design support them. Option D is false because Cilium does not restrict gateway interfaces to names beginning with eth .
Official references
Cilium Egress Gateway
Study Guide topic: Egress Gateway node selection, interface selection, and SNAT addresses.
NEW QUESTION # 29
After enabling Layer 7 visibility, you can now observe DNS domains and FQDN in your Hubble logs, like the one below.
Nov 16 13:52:07.279: endor/xwing-9bd8f454d-m46mm:34706 (ID:3817) < > example.com:443 (ID:
16777217) Policy denied DROPPED (TCP Flags SYN)
Which of these Hubble CLI commands could have returned the output above?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is clearly the intended answer because its filters correspond to the displayed source namespace ( endor ), destination port ( 443 ), and verdict ( DROPPED ). However, it contains example.con , whereas the observed flow names example.com . Therefore, none of the options would literally return this exact flow if the FQDN filter is matched as written. The corrected command is:
hubble observe --to-fqdn example.com --from-namespace endor --to-port 443 --verdict DROPPED Option B is malformed in two additional places and filters port 80 rather than 443. Option C selects the wrong FQDN and source namespace. Option D requests forwarded flows, directly contradicting the Policy denied DROPPED verdict; its wildcard also does not repair the verdict mismatch.
Hubble's observe filters are cumulative: a returned flow must satisfy the specified destination FQDN, originating namespace, destination port, and verdict. Layer 7 visibility is enabled with a Cilium network policy containing the relevant L7 rules, which redirects selected traffic through the proxy so that application- level details can be reported.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI , Layer 7 Protocol Visibility Study Guide topic: Hubble flow filtering, FQDN visibility, namespaces, ports, and verdicts.
NEW QUESTION # 30
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