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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
VTNE試験問題は、シラバスの変更および理論と実践の最新の進展に応じて完全に改訂および更新されます。高品質の製品を提供するために、VTNEテストガイドを慎重に準備します。製品のすべての改訂と更新により、VTNEガイドトレントに関する正確な情報を取得でき、大多数の学生が簡単に習得でき、重要な情報の内容を簡素化できます。当社の製品VTNEテストガイドは、より重要な情報をより少ない質問と回答で提供します。
質問 # 393
You are asked to place an arterial line in a hit-by-car patient with pulmonary contusions, multiple abrasions, and presumptive blood loss anemi a. All of the following are true about arterial catheterization, except:
正解：B
解説：
Arterial catheterization is considered the gold standard of blood pressure monitoring. It provides a continuous means of monitoring blood pressure. It is a direct form of monitoring vs. the indirect methods of Doppler or the various machines that monitor BP, HR, RR, and SPO2 +/- other parameters.
Arterial catheterization provides access for regular sampling (without having to do an arterial stick each time a sample is needed) to monitor acid-base balance and, in patients with respiratory compromise/disease, a means to accurately monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide parameters and blood pH.
Because we can evaluate a blood gas through an arterial catheter sample, arterial blood sampling provides the best means to assess pulmonary function.
We usually use the dorsal metatarsal artery to place an arterial catheter in a small animal. Placing the patient in lateral recumbency, we use arterial catheters (20- or 22-g most commonly).
1. Extend the patient's hock.
2. Sometimes, taping or sandbagging the leg helps to keep it in place.
3. Clip and aseptically prep the insertion site.
4. Using one or two fingers (not your thumb, which has a pulse), palpate the artery.
5. Make an initial relief hole using the needle's beveled edge through the dermis, but do not yet enter the artery.
6. Place the catheter subcutaneously atop the artery bevel up.
7. Now, palpate both the tip of the needle and the artery together with the opposite hand.
8. Steeply insert the catheter first to penetrate the artery's upper wall.
9. Next, flatten out the catheter parallel to the artery's longitudinal axis. This puts the needle's bevel and the catheter's end within the lumen.
10. Once the blood flashes into the hub, advance the catheter.
11. Replace the needle with an appropriate connector and stopcock.
12. The catheter should be heparinized (ideally before placement) or before taping it in place.
13. Catheter care is performed every 48 hours.
14. Check toes for warmth every two to four hours, and if cool, remove/replace the catheter.
質問 # 394
If a veterinarian was performing a routine dissection of fibrous tissue (for example, the linea alba), which type of scissors would most likely be used?
正解：A
解説：
Mayo scissors are most often used for routine dissections. Mayo scissors are heavy-duty scissors, used to cut fascia tissue and other dense tissues.
Metzenbaum scissors are used for delicate dissections, such as cutting through thin muscle and fat tissue. Iris scissors are used for fine detailed ophthalmic work. Lister scissors are used for cutting bandages.
質問 # 395
You are monitoring an equine patient during anesthesia and note that the mean blood pressure is dropping. You need to alert your veterinarian when the level drops below what value?
正解：C
解説：
In small animal patients, normal anesthetic blood pressures during anesthesia include:
*Systolic values between 100 to 160 mmHg
*Mean values between 60 to 90 mmHg
*Diastolic values between 50 to 70 mmHg
*Signs of hypertension indicated by a systolic > 160 mmHg
However, the minimally acceptable mean during an anesthetic event would be 60 mmHg. Anything below that should trigger a response and alert the veterinarian.
In equine patients, normal anesthetic values would include:
*Systolic: > 80 mmHg
*Mean: 60 to 90 mmHg
*Diastolic: > 50 mmHg
*Hypertension: Systolic > 140 mmHg
The minimally acceptable mean would be 70 mmHg or higher.
質問 # 396
Your doctor has just handed you a bone marrow aspirate sample that she obtained. You should do all of the following, except:
正解：D
解説：
When doing a bone needle aspirate, the sample is precious. The veterinarian doesn't want to remove the bone needle until they are sure a sufficient sample has been obtained. Thus, before removing the needle, take a pull-slide sample, place a drop of methylene blue and a cover slip, and ensure sufficient bone marrow cells are present. Only once confirmed can you then remove the bone needle.
Once you obtain a sufficient sample, immediately place it in the EDTA vacutainer to prevent clotting or have your collection syringe primed with an anticoagulant. Ideally, one person puts the sample in the EDTA tube, and another starts making a few pull slides (slide-to-slide smears).
Once the EDTA tube is filled, sufficient slides have been made, and the methylene blue slide evaluated confirms bone marrow cells are present, place any remaining sample into a red-top tube, and the veterinarian can safely remove the needle.
質問 # 397
Which of the following is the most invasive means of monitoring a patient under anesthesia?
正解：B
解説：
An esophageal stethoscope, while easy to operate and relatively inexpensive, is an invasive method of measuring heart rate since it penetrates the body. A catheter is inserted into the esophagus, adjacent to the heart, with the opposite end attached to an electronic base or stethoscope earpiece.
The remaining options are types of noninvasive methods of monitoring patients under general anesthesia. They contact the skin surface only.
質問 # 398
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