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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Award | ~15-20% | - Evaluation Criteria & Process - Contract Formation - Proposal Analysis - Negotiation Principles & Techniques - Award & Notification |
| Pre-Award | ~20-25% | - Sourcing Strategies - Requirements Definition - Market Research & Analysis - Solicitation Development - Acquisition Planning |
| Post-Award | ~20-25% | - Change Management - Dispute Resolution - Contract Closeout - Contract Administration - Performance Monitoring |
| Contract Administration | ~10-15% | - Risk Management - Stakeholder Communication - Documentation & Records - Compliance & Governance |
| Finance | ~5-8% | - Financial Compliance - Budgeting & Funding - Cost & Price Analysis |
| Leadership | ~8-12% | - Strategic Thinking - Team & Relationship Management - Professional Ethics - Decision Making |
| Project Management | ~5-8% | - Resource Management - Quality Assurance - Scope & Schedule Management |
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質問 # 57
A __________ is a top-down hierarchical description of the work to be accomplished as viewed from the standpoint of outputs or products.
正解：B
解説：
The correct answer is A (work breakdown structure) because, within the NCMA Contract Management Body of Knowledge (CMBOK), a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is defined as a deliverable-oriented, hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work . It organizes and defines the project in terms of outputs or products, breaking down complex work into manageable components.
A WBS is developed during the pre-award phase as part of planning and requirements definition. It provides a structured framework that helps contract managers and project teams clearly understand what work must be performed. By decomposing the work into smaller elements, the WBS supports accurate cost estimating, scheduling, resource allocation, and performance measurement.
Option B ( statement of work ) describes the requirements and scope in narrative form but does not provide a hierarchical breakdown. Option C ( project schedule ) focuses on timelines and sequencing of activities, not the structural decomposition of work. Option D ( basis of estimate ) documents assumptions and methodologies used in cost estimating, rather than defining the work itself.
CMBOK emphasizes that a well-developed WBS is critical for effective contract planning and management.
It ensures alignment between requirements, deliverables, and performance expectations, and serves as a foundation for many downstream activities, including budgeting, risk management, and contract performance monitoring.
質問 # 58
In which activity of Contract Management Process, if the input is proposal and by using weighting system as a tool the output will be contract?
正解：A
質問 # 59
Poor communication and living in the past are examples of resisting forces to __________.
正解：D
解説：
The correct answer is C (vision) because, within the NCMA Contract Management Body of Knowledge (CMBOK), leadership emphasizes the importance of forward-looking thinking and clear communication in establishing and sustaining an effective organizational vision. Vision involves setting a strategic direction, aligning stakeholders, and guiding future-focused decision-making.
Poor communication directly undermines vision because it prevents leaders from clearly articulating goals, expectations, and strategic intent. Without effective communication, stakeholders cannot understand or align with the organization's direction, leading to confusion and lack of cohesion. Similarly, living in the past reflects resistance to change and an inability to adapt to evolving business environments, technologies, and market conditions. This mindset prevents organizations from progressing toward future objectives and limits innovation.
In the CMBOK framework, strong leadership requires contract managers to promote a shared vision that is clearly communicated and adaptable to change. This is especially critical in contract management, where evolving requirements, stakeholder needs, and external market conditions demand continuous alignment with future goals.
Option A ( collaboration ) focuses on teamwork dynamics, Option B ( character ) relates to ethical behavior, and Option D ( competence ) refers to skills and abilities. While all are important, they do not specifically address the forward-looking and communicative aspects highlighted in the question.
Thus, poor communication and living in the past are clear barriers to achieving and sustaining an effective vision .
質問 # 60
Reasonable costs are those costs that a prudent seller, under the constraint of competition, would recognize as
__________.
正解：A
解説：
The correct answer is D (justifiable) because, according to NCMA CMBOK and aligned cost principles, a reasonable cost is one that would be incurred by a prudent person in the conduct of competitive business and is justifiable under the circumstances . Reasonableness is a fundamental concept in contract pricing and cost evaluation, particularly in cost-reimbursement environments.
CMBOK explains that determining cost reasonableness involves assessing whether the cost is ordinary and necessary , reflects sound business practices, and is consistent with what a prudent contractor would incur under similar conditions. Factors considered include market conditions, arm's-length bargaining, and whether the cost aligns with industry standards. The emphasis is not on whether the cost is high or low, but whether it can be logically supported and defended as appropriate.
Option A (substantial) is incorrect because size or magnitude does not determine reasonableness. Option B (discounted) is irrelevant, as reasonable costs are not defined by reductions. Option C (profitable) is incorrect because profitability relates to fee or profit, not cost reasonableness.
CMBOK highlights that ensuring costs are reasonable is a key responsibility during the award phase , particularly when performing cost analysis. It protects the buyer from overpaying while ensuring that contractors are compensated fairly for legitimate and supportable expenses.
質問 # 61
Bid / no-bid decision making, bid or proposal preparation are activities for sellers for which phase of Contract Management Process?
正解：C
質問 # 62
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