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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Application Observability and Maintenance | 15% | - Implement probes and health checks - Debugging in Kubernetes - Utilize container logs - Use built-in CLI tools to monitor Kubernetes applications - Understand API deprecation policies |
| Application Deployment | 20% | - Use Kubernetes primitives to implement common deployment strategies (e.g., blue/green or canary) - Kustomize - Understand Deployments and how to perform rolling updates - Use the Helm package manager to deploy existing packages |
| Application Environment, Configuration and Security | 25% | - Discover and use resources that extend Kubernetes (CRD, Operators) - Understand authentication, authorization and admission control - ConfigMaps and Secrets - Understanding and defining resource requirements, limits and quotas - SecurityContexts - ServiceAccounts |
| Services and Networking | 20% | - Use Ingress rules to expose applications - Provide and troubleshoot access to applications via services - Demonstrate basic understanding of NetworkPolicies |
| Application Design and Build | 20% | - Understand multi-container Pod design patterns (e.g., sidecar, init and others) - Choose and use the right workload resource (Deployment, DaemonSet, CronJob, etc.) - Utilize persistent and ephemeral volumes - Define, build and modify container images |
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NEW QUESTION # 118
You are developing a service that uses a custom configuration file called 'service.properties'. You want to use ConfigMaps to store and manage this file in a secure and efficient manner. The 'service-properties' file contains sensitive information such as database credentials and API keys.
How would you create a ConfigMap that securely stores the 'service-properties' file, ensuring that the file is accessible only to the service's container?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Secret for Sensitive Data:
- Create a Secret
- Encode the 'service-properties' file: bash echo "your-database-username=your-database-username" > service-properties echo "your-database-password=your-database-password" >> service-properties echo 'Your-api-key=your-api-key" >> service.properties base64 -w 0 service.properties - Replace with the output from the base64 command. 2. Create the ConfigMap for the File:
3. Apply the Secret and ConfigMap: bash kubectl apply -f service-secrets-yaml kubectl apply -f service-config.yaml 4. Update the Deployment to use the ConfigMap and Secret
5. Apply the updated Deployment: bash kubectl apply -f my-service-deployment-yaml 6. Access the File in the Container. - Mount the ConfigMap and Secret: - The ConfigMap mounts the 'service.properties' file as a placeholder. - The Secret mounts the actual 'service.properties' file securely. - Access the File: - The container should access the 'service.properties' file from '/var/secrets/service/service.properties' This approach uses a Secret to store sensitive data and a ConfigMap to mount the file securely within the container. The container will have access to the 'service-properties' file, but the actual data is stored in the Secret, ensuring its confidentiality'.
NEW QUESTION # 119
You need to implement a strategy to manage and control the access of pods to specific resources in your Kubernetes cluster. Explain how you would use PodSecurityPolicies to enforce fine-grained access control.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1 . Create a PodSecurityPolicy:
- Create a new YAML file (e.g., 'pod-security-policy.yaml') to define your PodSecurityPolicy.
- Specify the name of the PodSecurityPolicy and the namespace where it will be applied.
- Define the security policies for the PodSecurityPolicy. You can use the 'kubectl create -f pod-security- policy.yamP command to apply the PodSecurityPolicy.
3. Apply the PodSecurityPolicy to Deployments: - Update the 'podSecurityContext' field in your Deployment YAML to specify the PodSecurityPolicy.
4. Verify the PodSecurityPolicy: - Use the 'kubectl get podsecuritypolicy' command to list the applied PodSecurityPolicies and confirm their status. 5. Test the Restrictions: - Try to create pods that violate the rules defined in the PodSecurityPolicy. - Verify that the PodSecurityPolicy is effectively preventing the creation of pods that do not meet the defined security policies.,
NEW QUESTION # 120
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster that runs several microservices. One of these services, called "web-app", needs to have its pods scaled based on the current load. You have created a custom resource called "autoscaling.k8s.i0/v1 alphal" which represents the desired number of replicas for the "web-app" service- Implement a Kubernetes Controller that watches for changes in this custom resource and automatically scales the "web-app" Deployment accordingly.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create the Custom Resource Definition (CRD):
- Define the custom resource "autoscaling.k8s.io/v1alpha1" using the following YAML file:
- Apply the CRD using 'kubectl apply -f crd.yamr 2. Create the Custom Resource: - Create an instance of the custom resource 'Autoscaling" with the desired number of replicas for the "web-app" Deployment:
- Apply the custom resource using 'kubectl apply -t autoscaling-yamr 3. Create the Kubernetes Controller: - Create a Kubernetes Controller that watches for changes in the "Autoscaling" custom resource and updates the "web-app" Deployment.
4. Deploy the Controller: - Build and deploy tne controller to your Kubernetes cluster. 5. Verify the Controllers Functionality: - Make a change to the "Autoscaling" custom resource (e.g., increase the desired replicas). - Observe that the "web-app" Deployment is automatically scaled based on the new desired replica count. This code implements a basic Kubernetes Controller that monitors the "Autoscaling" custom resource. When the desired replicas are changed, the controller updates the "web-appt' Deployment, ensuring the desired number of replicas is maintained. Note: This example assumes that the "web-app" Deployment exists in the same namespace as the "Autoscaling" custom resource. You might need to adapt the code for different deployments and namespaces.,
NEW QUESTION # 121
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh ckad00034c
Task
A Deployment named content-marlin-deployment , running in namespace content-marlin is exposed via Ingress content-marlin-ingress .
The manifest files for the Deployment, Service and Ingress can be found at /home/candidate/content-marlin/.
The Deployment is supposed to be reachable at
http://content-marlin.local/content-marlin , but requesting this URL is currently returning an error.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution.
Explanation:
ssh ckad00034c
You're debugging an Ingress # Service # Deployment chain. The fastest way is:
* reproduce the error with the right Host header
* check Ingress rules (host/path/backend)
* check Service (selector/port/targetPort)
* check Endpoints (do we have ready pods?)
* fix the manifest(s) under /home/candidate/content-marlin/
* apply + re-test
Below are the exact commands + the most common fixes for this exact symptom.
1) Reproduce the failing request correctly
Even if DNS isn't set up, you can test with a Host header:
curl -i -H "Host: content-marlin.local"
http://127.0.0.1/content-marlin
If your ingress controller is not on localhost, find the NodePort/LoadBalancer IP. In these labs it's often localhost via a local proxy, but if needed:
kubectl get svc -A | egrep -i 'ingress|nginx'
kubectl get nodes -o wide
(But start with the localhost curl above.)
2) Inspect the provided manifests (this is what you must edit)
cd /home/candidate/content-marlin/
ls -l
sed -n '1,200p' *.yaml
Also view what's currently live in the cluster:
kubectl -n content-marlin get deploy,svc,ingress
kubectl -n content-marlin describe ingress content-marlin-ingress
kubectl -n content-marlin get ingress content-marlin-ingress -o yaml
What to look for in the Ingress:
* spec.rules.host should be content-marlin.local
* spec.rules.http.paths[].path should match /content-marlin
* Backend service name must be your service
* Backend service port must match the service port (name or number)
* pathType should be Prefix (usually safest)
3) Validate Service # Pod wiring (most common real cause)
3.1 Check service selector and ports
kubectl -n content-marlin get svc -o wide
kubectl -n content-marlin describe svc content-marlin-deployment 2>/dev/null || true kubectl -n content-marlin describe svc Identify the service that the Ingress points to (from describe ingress).
Check if the Service selector matches pod labels:
kubectl -n content-marlin get pods --show-labels
kubectl -n content-marlin get svc <SERVICE_NAME> -o jsonpath='{.spec.selector}{"\n"}'
3.2 Check endpoints (this tells you instantly if traffic can reach pods) kubectl -n content-marlin get endpoints kubectl -n content-marlin get endpoints <SERVICE_NAME> -o wide
* If ENDPOINTS is empty # Service selector doesn't match Pods OR Pods aren't Ready.
3.3 If endpoints empty, check pod readiness and labels
kubectl -n content-marlin get pods -o wide
kubectl -n content-marlin describe pod <pod-name>
4) Apply the most likely fix patterns
Fix pattern A: Ingress path needs rewrite
If your app serves / but you route /content-marlin, you often need rewrite.
Edit content-marlin-ingress manifest (in /home/candidate/content-marlin/) to include:
* path: /content-marlin
* pathType: Prefix
* annotation: rewrite to / (common for nginx ingress)
Example (typical nginx-ingress):
metadata:
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
spec:
rules:
- host: content-marlin.local
http:
paths:
- path: /content-marlin
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: <SERVICE_NAME>
port:
number: 80
If your ingress controller is not nginx, rewrite annotation may differ. But in CKAD labs, it's very often nginx.
Fix pattern B: Ingress points to wrong Service port
If the Ingress backend says port 80 but your Service exposes 8080 (or uses a named port), align them:
* Either change Ingress backend port.number
* Or change Service spec.ports[].port / targetPort
Fix pattern C: Service selector mismatch (endpoints empty)
If pods have label app=content-marlin but service selector is app=content-marlin-deployment (or vice versa), fix the Service selector to match pod labels.
Service should have:
spec:
selector:
app: <label-that-actually-exists-on-pods>
Fix pattern D: Service targetPort wrong
If container listens on 8080 but service targetPort is 80, fix it:
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
5) Apply the corrected manifests
After editing the YAMLs under /home/candidate/content-marlin/:
kubectl apply -f /home/candidate/content-marlin/
Wait for readiness:
kubectl -n content-marlin rollout status deploy content-marlin-deployment kubectl -n content-marlin get endpoints kubectl -n content-marlin describe ingress content-marlin-ingress
6) Re-test the URL
curl -i -H "Host: content-marlin.local"
http://127.0.0.1/content-marlin
If you still get errors, also check ingress controller logs/events quickly:
kubectl -n content-marlin get events --sort-by=.lastTimestamp | tail -n 30 kubectl get pods -A | egrep -i 'ingress|nginx' The fastest way for you to finish in 1 shot Run these and paste the output (I'll tell you exactly which line to change and what to change it to):
kubectl -n content-marlin describe ingress content-marlin-ingress
kubectl -n content-marlin get svc -o wide
kubectl -n content-marlin get endpoints -o wide
kubectl -n content-marlin get pods --show-labels
sed -n '1,200p' /home/candidate/content-marlin/*.yaml
But even without pasting, if you follow steps 2-4 above, you'll find the broken link (Ingress rule, Service port, selector, or rewrite) and fix it cleanly.
NEW QUESTION # 122
Refer to Exhibit.
Task:
The pod for the Deployment named nosql in the craytisn namespace fails to start because its container runs out of resources.
Update the nosol Deployment so that the Pod:
1) Request 160M of memory for its Container
2) Limits the memory to half the maximum memory constraint set for the crayfah name space.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution:
NEW QUESTION # 123
......
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