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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Post-install validation and connectivity testing - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - BGP peering and service advertisement - External gateway integration |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Transparent traffic encryption |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes |
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NEW QUESTION # 58
What is true about Layer 7 protocol visibility in Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Layer 7 protocol visibility redirects traffic matching the relevant L7 rules to Cilium's node-local proxy, which is Envoy. Envoy parses supported application protocols and supplies the resulting request or response metadata to Cilium's observability pipeline. Therefore, C correctly identifies the architectural consequence of enabling this visibility.
The feature requires L7 proxy support and an appropriate CiliumNetworkPolicy containing Layer 7 rules. A standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy is limited to Layer 3 and Layer 4 concepts and cannot express Cilium's HTTP, DNS, or generic application-protocol rules, so B is incorrect.
A is also incorrect. DNS policy and visibility are commonly applied to pod egress queries, and Cilium's model is not restricted to ingress-only DNS visibility. D overstates protocol coverage. Cilium supports defined L7 parsers and policy types-most prominently HTTP, DNS, Kafka, and supported generic Envoy- based protocols-but it does not promise arbitrary visibility for every application protocol. SSH, Telnet, and FTP cannot simply be assumed to receive native semantic parsing.
An operational caveat is that L7 visibility rules also affect policy enforcement: they are not merely passive packet logging instructions.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility , Cilium Envoy
Study Guide topic: L7 proxy redirection, CiliumNetworkPolicy, protocol parsing, and Hubble visibility.
NEW QUESTION # 59
What is a correct statement related to BIG TCP, an eBPF-based feature in Cilium?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
BIG TCP permits the Linux networking stack to process packets larger than the traditional approximately 64- KiB limit represented by the IP length field while the packets remain inside the host. IPv6 BIG TCP uses a temporary Hop-by-Hop header carrying the larger internal length, while IPv4 BIG TCP sets tot_len to zero and uses the socket buffer length internally. Before transmission, packets are segmented into sizes suitable for the physical network. C therefore identifies the problem BIG TCP addresses.
Option A is false because Cilium's documentation explicitly states that BIG TCP does not require network- interface MTU changes. The larger objects exist inside the software networking stack and are segmented before appearing on the wire.
Option B reverses the intended performance effect. Larger internal GSO and GRO packets reduce repeated stack traversal, lowering CPU utilization and generally improving throughput and latency. Option D is also false: Generic Segmentation Offload and Generic Receive Offload are fundamental to BIG TCP's operation.
Cilium increases their maximum sizes when BIG TCP is enabled. The source mentions TSO, but the documented mechanism is principally described through GSO and GRO.
Official references
Cilium Performance Tuning and BIG TCP
Study Guide topic: BIG TCP, GSO/GRO, packet-length limits, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 60
A user has set up a global service as a Kubernetes user with access to clusters in a Cilium Cluster Mesh. They notice that all traffic is going to remote backend pods. What is a possible explanation?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
If a global Service has no healthy local endpoints matching its selector, every available backend can be remote. Cluster Mesh synchronizes remote service and endpoint information, allowing the local Cilium datapath to load-balance requests to backend pods in connected clusters. The absence of local endpoints therefore provides a direct explanation for the observed behavior.
If the local cluster were not part of the Cluster Mesh, its Cilium agents would not normally receive the remote endpoint state needed to route traffic through the global Service, so B does not explain successful remote-only selection. An affinity value of none is the default behavior and expresses no preference between local and remote endpoints. When both categories exist and are healthy, this permits load balancing across both; it does not require every connection to use remote backends.
Setting service.cilium.io/shared: "false" prevents the local Service's backends from being shared with remote clusters. It does not instruct the local cluster to direct all requests toward remote endpoints.
A separate possible cause, not presented among the choices, would be service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" .
Among the supplied answers, however, A is the valid explanation.
Official references
Service Affinity ; Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 61
You must add Hubble to your Kubernetes cluster where Cilium is NOT the installed CNI. Your cluster is already running in production and you must minimise downtime.
Which method is the most appropriate?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble obtains its visibility from Cilium's eBPF datapath, and the Hubble Server is embedded in the Cilium agent. Hubble therefore cannot provide its normal flow-observability capabilities as a standalone installation without Cilium, eliminating B.
CNI chaining allows Cilium to coexist with a supported existing CNI. The original plugin continues to supply base connectivity and IP address management, while Cilium attaches eBPF programs to the created network devices. Those programs provide visibility, policy enforcement, and other Cilium functionality. Hubble can then be enabled on top of the chained Cilium deployment. This approach avoids an immediate, disruptive replacement of the production cluster's networking layer and is consequently the best answer.
Options C and D could be appropriate in broader migration projects, particularly when a current CNI is incompatible with chaining or when full native-Cilium functionality is required. However, both imply substantially more workload movement or cutover activity than the stated objective of minimizing downtime.
Compatibility, chaining mode, current CNI behavior, kernel requirements, and feature limitations must still be validated before production rollout.
Official references
Cilium CNI Chaining , Hubble Internals , Troubleshooting Hubble
Study Guide topic: Hubble prerequisites, CNI chaining, and production adoption.
NEW QUESTION # 62
What is the default policy enforcement behavior?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
In Cilium's default policy-enforcement mode, an endpoint initially permits ingress and egress traffic.
Enforcement changes independently for each direction when a policy selects that endpoint. If a selecting rule contains an ingress section, the endpoint enters default-deny mode for ingress. If a selecting rule contains an egress section, it enters default-deny mode for egress. Only traffic explicitly permitted by the applicable policy rules remains allowed in the restricted direction.
This per-direction behavior is important. An ingress-only policy does not automatically restrict egress, and an egress-only policy does not automatically restrict ingress. Options A and B reverse the relationship between the rule section and the direction being enforced. Option C incorrectly states that selection places the endpoint into default-allow mode; default allow describes the endpoint's condition before it is selected by an enforcing policy.
Cilium also supports always and never enforcement modes. In always , enforcement applies even to endpoints not selected by policy. In never , policy enforcement is disabled. Policies can additionally use enableDefaultDeny for specialized visibility configurations, but those controls do not change the normal default behavior described in the question.
Official references
Policy Enforcement Modes .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 63
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