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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Patient Treatment and Transport | 20–24% | - Patient packaging and transport procedures - Medical and trauma care interventions - Communication with receiving facilities - Medication administration and protocols |
| Topic 2: EMS Operations | 10–14% | - Emergency vehicle operations and safety - Documentation and legal aspects - Incident command and multiple-casualty situations - EMS system roles and responsibilities |
| Topic 3: Primary Assessment | 39–43% | - General patient impression and priority determination - Identification and management of life-threatening conditions - Initial patient assessment - Airway, breathing, and circulation management |
| Topic 4: Secondary Assessment | 5–9% | - Vital signs and monitoring - Symptom assessment and history taking - Focused history and physical exam |
| Topic 5: Scene Size-Up and Safety | 15–19% | - Mechanism of injury / nature of illness - Scene assessment and safety protocols - Hazard recognition and management |
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NEW QUESTION # 256
A 60-year-old patient has crushing, midsternal chest pain that began about 5 minutes ago with exercise. The patient has no prescription medications. The vital signs are BP 142/102 mmHg, P 90/min, R 16/min, and SpO# 95% on room air. What treatments should the EMT provide? Select the two answer options that are correct.
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
The correct answers are D. Aspirin administration and E. Attaching AED pads.
This patient is presenting with classic signs of acute coronary syndrome (ACS):
Crushing, midsternal chest pain
Onset with exertion
Age and risk profile
D). Aspirin administration is a priority intervention. Aspirin helps by inhibiting platelet aggregation and limiting clot formation in coronary arteries.
NREMT-aligned guidance states:
"Administer aspirin to patients with suspected cardiac chest pain."
E). Attaching AED pads is also correct because patients with suspected cardiac ischemia are at risk for sudden cardiac arrest. Continuous cardiac monitoring (via AED pads or monitor) allows for rapid defibrillation if needed.
NREMT material emphasizes early readiness for deterioration:
"Be prepared to manage sudden cardiac arrest in patients with chest pain." Why the other options are incorrect:
A). Sublingual nitroglycerin administration:EMTs may only assist with nitroglycerin if it is prescribed to the patient. This patient has no prescription medications, so nitroglycerin is contraindicated.
B). 12-lead acquisition and transmission:This is typically an ALS (paramedic-level) intervention, not standard EMT scope in NREMT context.
C). Applying supplemental oxygen:The patient's SpO# is 95% on room air, which does not indicate hypoxia.
NREMT guidelines recommend oxygen only if SpO# is low or patient is in respiratory distress.
NREMT guidance:
"Oxygen should be administered based on patient need, not routinely."
Exact Extracts:
"Administer aspirin to patients with suspected cardiac chest pain."
"Oxygen should be given only if the patient is hypoxic or shows signs of respiratory distress."
"Be prepared for cardiac arrest in patients with suspected myocardial infarction." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Cardiology / Acute Coronary Syndrome
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Cardiac Emergencies Standard EMT Text (aligned with NREMT): Cardiovascular Emergencies
NEW QUESTION # 257
When treating a patient suspected of having tuberculosis, you should
Answer: A
Explanation:
For suspected or confirmed tuberculosis (TB), the EMT should place a surgical mask on the patient, not a HEPA respirator. Surgical masks are used to contain droplets from the patient and reduce airborne transmission.
The EMT should wear a N95 or HEPA respirator to protect against inhaling airborne particles. Notification to the CDC is not the EMT's responsibility - that falls to public health officials.
References:
CDC Guidelines for TB Exposure in Prehospital Settings
NREMT Infectious Disease Control Protocols
National EMS Education Standards - Airborne Pathogens and PPE Use
NEW QUESTION # 258
When using the SALT method for triage, which of the following interventions should the EMT perform during the individual assessment step?
Answer: A
Explanation:
SALT (Sort, Assess, Lifesaving interventions, Treatment/Transport) is a mass casualty triage method recommended by the CDC and the National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP). During the " Assess
" step, responders:
* Check respirations
* Provide lifesaving interventions such as rescue breaths if the patient is not breathing but has a pulse
* Evaluate mentation (e.g., ability to follow commands)
Airway adjuncts and full transport do not happen at this stage. Scorecards and pediatric-specific modifications are addressed later in the protocol.
References:
NREMT EMS Operations - Mass Casualty and Triage Guidelines
CDC SALT Mass Casualty Triage Guidelines
National EMS Education Standards - Disaster Response
NEW QUESTION # 259
Which of the following bones is most likely to cause external leg rotation when fractured?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Femur.
Why B is correct (Femur):
A fracture of the femur, especially the proximal femur (hip region), commonly results in:
* External rotation of the affected leg
* Shortening of the limb
This occurs because:
* Strong muscles (particularly the hip external rotators) pull on the fractured bone
* The limb naturally falls into an externally rotated position
NREMT-aligned trauma guidance states:
* "Femur fractures often present with shortening and external rotation of the leg."
* "Muscle spasms and bone displacement alter normal limb alignment."
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Pubis: Pelvic fractures may cause pain and instability but do not typically cause isolated external rotation of the leg.
* C. Patella: Affects the knee; does not cause external rotation of the entire leg.
* D. L5 vertebra: Spinal injury; may cause neurologic deficits but not limb rotation.
Exact Extracts:
* "Femur fractures commonly result in limb shortening and external rotation."
* "Muscle forces acting on the fractured femur alter positioning of the leg."
* "Assessment includes observing deformity and abnormal limb positioning." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Trauma (Musculoskeletal Injuries)
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Trauma Emergencies Prehospital Emergency Care (EMT) - Musculoskeletal Trauma
NEW QUESTION # 260
A 23-year-old patient reports loss of appetite, vomiting, fatigue, and joint pain. The patient has yellow sclera and right upper quadrant pain. Which of the following conditions is most likely the cause of the signs and symptoms?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is C. Viral hepatitis.
Key findings in this scenario:
* Loss of appetite (anorexia)
* Vomiting
* Fatigue
* Joint pain (arthralgia)
* Yellow sclera (jaundice)
* Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain
Why Viral Hepatitis is correct:
Viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver and commonly presents with:
* Jaundice (yellowing of sclera/skin)
* RUQ abdominal pain
* Fatigue and malaise
* Nausea/vomiting and loss of appetite
* Joint pain (especially early in disease)
NREMT-aligned references state:
* "Hepatitis commonly presents with jaundice, fatigue, and right upper quadrant pain."
* "Patients may also report nausea, vomiting, and anorexia."
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Diverticulitis# Typically causes left lower quadrant pain, not jaundice
* B. Appendicitis# Causes right lower quadrant pain, not jaundice or systemic liver signs
* D. Cholecystitis# Causes RUQ pain, but jaundice and systemic symptoms (joint pain, fatigue) are more consistent with hepatitis Exact Extracts (NREMT-aligned EMT educational references):
* "Jaundice is a hallmark sign of liver dysfunction."
* "Hepatitis presents with RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue."
* "Patients may have systemic symptoms such as malaise and joint pain." Clinical Priority Summary:
The presence of jaundice, RUQ pain, and systemic symptoms strongly indicates viral hepatitis, making C the correct answer.
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Medical Emergencies (Gastrointestinal/Hepatic) NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) AAOS Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured (NREMT-aligned)
NEW QUESTION # 261
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