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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Practice management, team collaboration - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques |
| Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition |
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Physical examination, patient assessment |
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Controlled substance management - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents |
| Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
| Anesthesia | 13% | - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation |
| Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Wound management, suture materials and techniques |
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問題 #59
A veterinarian is treating a horse diagnosed with an advanced flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint. How will the veterinarian most likely treat this horse?
答案：B
解題說明：
If a horse has a severe flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint that fails to respond to conservative management, the veterinarian will likely perform a surgical transection of the inferior check ligament (desmotomy). Some flexural deformities cause the horse to have a clubfoot-shaped hoof.
A mild to moderate case of a carpal flexural deformity can be treated with controlled exercise and splint application. A mild to moderate case of flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint can be corrected with lower heel trimming by using an extended toe shoe. A combination of Phenylbutazone, shoeing, and exercise therapy may precede surgical transection of the ligament, but if that combination fails, then a desmotomy is indicated.
問題 #60
Which of the following is the most invasive means of monitoring a patient under anesthesia?
答案：B
解題說明：
An esophageal stethoscope, while easy to operate and relatively inexpensive, is an invasive method of measuring heart rate since it penetrates the body. A catheter is inserted into the esophagus, adjacent to the heart, with the opposite end attached to an electronic base or stethoscope earpiece.
The remaining options are types of noninvasive methods of monitoring patients under general anesthesia. They contact the skin surface only.
問題 #61
A preanesthetic patient assessment includes many factors. It starts with admitting the patient into the hospital. Owners need to be properly prepared for what is to come. This includes financial expectations, wishes in the case of adverse events, and post-op plans. Failing to present this information to your owners upfront, the staff and hospital fail to provide what to their client?
答案：D
解題說明：
Informed consent allows pet parents to understand what will occur with their pet and any potential risks of diagnostics, anesthesia, or surgical procedures. Additionally, providing an estimate upfront permits owners to be prepared for the financial aspect prior to picking up the pet and prepare accordingly. Another key component of informed consent involves limiting legal liability. By providing your clients with upfront information about cost, procedural, anesthetic, and other risks, recovery, and more, you are doing your due diligence and keeping with the standard of veterinary care.
However, informed consent doesn't stop when the patient enters the building; it continues through to treatment and includes discharge. Providing discharge instructions both verbally and in writing and having owners sign a copy you keep at the hospital ensures that all parties are on the same page regarding findings on diagnostics, surgical procedures, and on post-op care, restrictions, and recheck evaluation recommendations.
Explicit consent is a form of consent related to personal information data collection and providing permission for this type of collection.
Implied consent, sadly, is what many people assume. The act of participating in an event or dropping a pet off for a procedure suggests implied consent. However, unless they sign a document discussing what will/may be done while the pet is under your care, including financial authorization and other forms, then it was not informed consent. We can not assume the client understands what we have verbally discussed with them and if it wasn't in writing, there is no legal standing to demonstrate the owner knew what was going to happen and the risks.
Active consent is similar to explicit consent and is more of a verbal acknowledgment. However, it is not considered sufficient in veterinary medicine.
問題 #62
In emergencies involving young puppies or kittens, which of the following locations is ideal for IV catheter placement?
答案：C
問題 #63
A 40 lb dog presents in shock following a car accident. The doctor orders a 20 mL/kg bolus of IV fluids be given stat. You hang a 1L bag and start it running by open flow. The doctor orders a second 20 mL/kg bolus to follow.
What line should the fluid drop to when you stop the second bolus and check with the doctor for the next instructions on what to do?
答案：A
解題說明：
Convert the patient's weight from pounds to kilograms: 40 pounds / (2.2 pounds/kg) = 18.2 kg Calculate the volume of fluid in a 20 mL/kg bolus: 18.2 kg x (20 mL/kg) = 364 mL Calculate the amount given by two boluses: 364 mL for each bolus x 2 total boluses given = ~730 mL When hanging IV fluid bags, the number line marks indicate the amount already given, not the amount remaining in the bag. If 730 mL of fluid had been administered, the fluid line would be just below the 7 indicator line on a 1000 mL bag.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 453-454.
問題 #64
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