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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Asymmetric Cryptography | - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - RSA Algorithm |
| Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Digital Signature Standards - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) |
| Symmetric Cryptography | - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Key Management - Stream Ciphers - Initialization Vectors (IV) |
| Applied Cryptography | - PGP and Email Encryption - SSL/TLS Protocols - VPN Security - Cryptographic Best Practices |
| Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Social Engineering Prevention - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Common Attack Vectors |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - Cryptographic Terminology |
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質問 # 68
(Which component is used to verify the integrity of a message?)
正解:D
解説:
HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) is a standard mechanism used to verify both integrity and authenticity of a message when two parties share a secret key. It combines a cryptographic hash function (such as SHA-256) with a secret key in a structured way that resists common attacks on naive keyed-hash constructions. The sender computes an HMAC tag over the message and transmits the message plus tag. The receiver recomputes the HMAC using the same shared secret key and compares the result; if the tag matches, the receiver can be confident the message was not modified in transit and that it came from someone who knows the shared key. AES is an encryption algorithm primarily providing confidentiality; it can provide integrity only when used in authenticated modes (e.g., GCM) but "AES" alone is not the integrity component.
An IV helps randomize encryption but does not validate integrity. TKIP is a legacy WLAN protocol component, not the general integrity verifier. Therefore, the correct component for verifying message integrity among the options is HMAC.
質問 # 69
(What is an alternative to using a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) with certificates?)
正解:A
解説:
OCSP is the primary online alternative to CRLs for checking whether a certificate has been revoked. With a CRL, a relying party periodically downloads a list of revoked certificate serial numbers published by the issuing CA (or CRL distribution point). That approach can be bandwidth-heavy, introduces latency between revocation and client awareness, and can result in clients using stale revocation data if updates are infrequent.
OCSP improves this by allowing a client (or a server on the client's behalf) to query an OCSP responder in near real time about the status of a specific certificate (good, revoked, or unknown). In practice, many TLS deployments use OCSP stapling, where the server periodically fetches a signed OCSP response from the CA's responder and "staples" it to the TLS handshake, reducing client-side network calls and improving privacy (the CA doesn't learn which site the client is visiting). Thus, OCSP provides a more timely, certificate- specific revocation status mechanism than CRLs while preserving the CA's signed assurance.
質問 # 70
(What is the correlation between the number of rounds and the key length used in the AES algorithm?)
正解:A
解説:
In AES, the number of rounds is explicitly tied to the key length. AES-128 uses 10 rounds, AES-192 uses 12 rounds, and AES-256 uses 14 rounds. The purpose of additional rounds is to increase diffusion and confusion, strengthening resistance against cryptanalysis as the key schedule and state transformations iterate more times. Although key length primarily affects brute-force resistance, AES's designers and standardization parameters link longer keys with more rounds to maintain security margins across variants, especially considering differences in the key schedule structure. Thus, as key length increases from 128 to 192 to 256 bits, the number of rounds increases correspondingly from 10 to
12 to 14. This relationship is fixed by the AES specification and does not vary dynamically at runtime.
Therefore, the correct correlation is that the number of rounds increases as the key length increases.
質問 # 71
(Which is an example of asymmetric encryption?)
正解:B
解説:
Asymmetric cryptography uses a public/private key pair where different keys are used for related operations (encryption/decryption or signature/verification). Elliptic-Curve Cryptography (ECC) is a family of asymmetric algorithms built on the mathematics of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC supports key exchange (ECDH), digital signatures (ECDSA/EdDSA), and other primitives with smaller key sizes for comparable security to traditional discrete-log or RSA systems (e.g., a 256-bit ECC key is often comparable in security to a 3072-bit RSA key, depending on scheme and parameters). By contrast, SHA-256 is a cryptographic hash function (one-way digest), and HMAC is a keyed integrity/authentication construction built from a hash function-neither is encryption. DES is a symmetric block cipher (same key for encryption and decryption). Therefore, the example of asymmetric encryption among the options is ECC.
質問 # 72
(What is the RC4 encryption key size when utilizing WPA with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)?)
正解:C
解説:
WPA with TKIP was designed as an interim improvement over WEP while still using the RC4 stream cipher for compatibility with legacy hardware. TKIP addresses WEP's major weaknesses by introducing per-packet key mixing, a message integrity mechanism ("Michael"), and replay protection. In TKIP, the encryption key used with RC4 is 128 bits. Practically, TKIP derives a per-packet RC4 key from a 128-bit temporal key (TK), the transmitter's MAC address, and a sequence counter (TKIP Sequence Counter, TSC) to avoid the simple IV reuse patterns that made WEP easy to break. Even with these improvements, TKIP has known weaknesses and is deprecated in favor of WPA2/WPA3 using AES-based CCMP/GCMP. But strictly for the question asked, TKIP's RC4 keying material is based on a 128-bit key size, not 40/56-bit legacy sizes and not 256-bit.
質問 # 73
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Introduction-to-Cryptography基礎問題集: https://www.jpshiken.com/Introduction-to-Cryptography_shiken.html
2026年Jpshikenの最新Introduction-to-Cryptography PDFダンプおよびIntroduction-to-Cryptography試験エンジンの無料共有:https://drive.google.com/open?id=1V5PHNUKt3XLtNJXbRz5O2OfIziwd1Ie-