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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
| Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing |
| Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Controlled substance management - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents |
| Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Physical examination, patient assessment - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients |
| Dentistry | 7% | - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography |
| Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Client education, communication techniques - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Practice management, team collaboration |
| Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Anesthesia | 13% | - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management |
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NEW QUESTION # 670
Vomiting usually occurs during induction and recovery, while regurgitation more commonly occurs during an anesthetic procedure. What should be done immediately if your patient regurgitates or vomits during anesthesia?
Answer: D
Explanation:
During a surgical anesthetic plane, if a patient vomits or more likely regurgitates due to the normal relaxation of the esophageal sphincter during anesthesia, if you have properly placed your cuffed endotracheal tube, aspiration risk is minimal. If it is a patient using an uncuffed tube, the risk will be higher. However, first and foremost, take the patient's head and place it lower than the body to allow the refluxed material to flow away from the pharynx and out the mouth.
Once the patient ceases regurgitation or vomiting, you can carefully swab, suction, or gauze out the pharynx and oral cavity to remove any remaining debris. Re-evaluate vitals once the patient is no longer at risk for aspiration and adjust anesthetics and oxygen rates as needed. Discuss with your veterinarian any interventions such as injectable medications or other options as warranted by the patient's clinical signs and vital signs.
NEW QUESTION # 671
A veterinarian is treating a horse diagnosed with an advanced flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint. How will the veterinarian most likely treat this horse?
Answer: D
Explanation:
If a horse has a severe flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint that fails to respond to conservative management, the veterinarian will likely perform a surgical transection of the inferior check ligament (desmotomy). Some flexural deformities cause the horse to have a clubfoot-shaped hoof.
A mild to moderate case of a carpal flexural deformity can be treated with controlled exercise and splint application. A mild to moderate case of flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint can be corrected with lower heel trimming by using an extended toe shoe. A combination of Phenylbutazone, shoeing, and exercise therapy may precede surgical transection of the ligament, but if that combination fails, then a desmotomy is indicated.
NEW QUESTION # 672
Body wall herniation can occur in horses from blunt trauma such as a kick. If a horse has a large body wall defect, how should it be repaired?
Answer: C
Explanation:
When a horse acquires a large body wall hernia, it should be repaired using a mesh implant. When the mesh implant is placed, it is critical to follow the aseptic technique to prevent a residual incisional infection.
A small body wall hernia can be repaired by suturing the defect. Herniated contents are unlikely to remain in place following reduction if the hernial defect is not repaired. Large hernias are unlikely to heal on their own.
NEW QUESTION # 673
Elevations in BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and CREA (creatinine) can occur for various reasons. When the BUN is elevated with a normal CREA, this may occur for all of the following reasons. except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Creatinine is a by-product of muscle metabolism, almost constantly produced and filtered by the kidneys. However, while BUN tends to be dynamic, CREA remains more stable. Thus, changes in CREA tend to occur with primary kidney disease (a malfunction of the glomeruli) or with increased muscle activity. The CREA levels may be altered by shock (prerenal factor), dehydration, primary kidney disease (renal), and post-renal abnormalities, including urethral obstruction.
Because it is a by-product of muscle metabolism, patients with sarcopenia (natural loss of muscle with aging) won't have the ability to increase CREA as significantly relative to the BUN, simply because they lack the muscle component. So, animals with low muscle mass may still be azotemic (elevated BUN/CREA) but cannot manifest the number as high as expected. Thus, the numbers need to be interpreted based on the reference ranges and patient findings.
Alternatively, BUN is not a specific kidney enzyme. It represents the end product of protein metabolism primarily excreted via the kidneys. BUN levels help evaluate glomerular filtration and kidney function, as the renal tubules reabsorb 40% of BUN. But it is more dynamic than that CREA. Changes to BUN can occur without kidney involvement, and these include:
*Bleeding in the GI tract
*Large protein meal ingestion and absorption
*The presence of a fever
*Steroid use
BUN may be lower than normal in cases of anorexia, kidney tubular damage, or liver disease.
NEW QUESTION # 674
The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) was added to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic act for what purpose?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) permits veterinarians to legally prescribe or use in a vet hospital some approved veterinary and human medications to treat a variety of species off-label, assuming specific conditions have been met. In other words, it provides for extra-label drug use.
Together, the FDA (Federal Drug Administration) and the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) establish specific drug withdrawal times for a variety of drugs in food animals.
The U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) is a list of all medications and related products and their active ingredients.
The Federal Drug Administration (FDA)'s Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) functions as the governing entity that regulates the manufacture and distribution of a variety of medical items such as devices, medications, and food additives for veterinary species.
NEW QUESTION # 675
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