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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Assessment | 39–43% | - Identification and management of life-threatening conditions - Airway, breathing, and circulation management - Initial patient assessment - General patient impression and priority determination |
| Scene Size-Up and Safety | 15–19% | - Mechanism of injury / nature of illness - Scene assessment and safety protocols - Hazard recognition and management |
| Patient Treatment and Transport | 20–24% | - Medication administration and protocols - Patient packaging and transport procedures - Communication with receiving facilities - Medical and trauma care interventions |
| Secondary Assessment | 5–9% | - Symptom assessment and history taking - Focused history and physical exam - Vital signs and monitoring |
| EMS Operations | 10–14% | - Emergency vehicle operations and safety - Documentation and legal aspects - Incident command and multiple-casualty situations - EMS system roles and responsibilities |
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問題 #144
You are transporting a febrile 62-year-old male who has a cough and body aches. His vital signs are BP 136
/80, P 100, R 16, and his SpO# is 99% on room air. You should first:
答案：A
解題說明：
The correct answer is A. Place a surgical mask on him.
This question focuses on infection control and standard precautions, which fall under EMS Operations in NREMT content.
The patient presents with:
* Fever
* Cough
* Body aches
These are classic signs of a respiratory infectious illness, and EMS providers must immediately take steps to prevent transmission.
According to NREMT-aligned infection control principles, the first priority when dealing with a potentially infectious respiratory patient is source control, which means placing a surgical mask on the patient to limit the spread of droplets.
Why A is correct:
* A surgical mask on the patient reduces transmission of respiratory droplets.
* This is considered an immediate and appropriate standard precaution.
Why the other options are incorrect:
* B. Administer oxygen: The patient's SpO# is 99% on room air, indicating adequate oxygenation.
NREMT guidelines emphasize that oxygen should be administered based on clinical need, not routinely.
* C. Place an N95 mask on him: N95 respirators are intended for healthcare providers, not patients. The patient should receive a surgical mask, not an N95.
* D. Transport him in the recovery position: This position is used for patients with decreased level of consciousness or risk of airway compromise, which is not indicated here.
Exact Extract (EMT-aligned educational content):
* EMS providers must use standard precautions and take appropriate measures to prevent disease transmission.
* For patients with suspected respiratory infections, placing a surgical mask on the patient helps prevent the spread of droplets.
* Oxygen should be administered only when there are signs of hypoxia or respiratory distress, not when oxygen saturation is normal.
References:
NREMT National EMS Education Standards - EMS Operations (Infection Control & Standard Precautions) EMT Training Curriculum - Workforce Safety and Infection Control National EMS Scope of Practice Model - Patient Assessment and Management of Infectious Conditions
問題 #145
The ability to think and reason is located in which region of the brain?
答案：C
解題說明：
The cerebrum is the largest and most developed part of the human brain and is responsible for higher cognitive functions. According to NREMT anatomy and physiology education, the cerebrum controls thinking, reasoning, memory, judgment, voluntary movement, and sensory interpretation.
Option B is correct because conscious thought, problem-solving, and decision-making all originate in the cerebrum.
Option A (Pons) helps regulate breathing and sleep cycles.
Option C (Brain stem) controls vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.
Option D (Cerebellum) coordinates balance, posture, and fine motor movement.
Understanding brain function helps EMTs correlate neurological findings with possible injuries or medical conditions.
問題 #146
A 10-year-old patient is in hypovolemic shock. Which of the following signs would be early indicators of shock for this patient? Select the three correct options.
答案：A,B,D
解題說明：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Children compensate for shock through increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and vasoconstriction, which delays blood pressure drop. Therefore:
* Tachycardia is often the first sign
* Prolonged capillary refill (>2 seconds) is an early indicator
* Tachypnea supports perfusion
Blood pressure is a late sign in pediatric shock. SpO# is helpful but does not specifically indicate shock.
Blood glucose may be abnormal in other metabolic conditions but is not an early marker of volume loss.
References:
NREMT Pediatric Assessment Flowchart
PALS Guidelines - Recognition of Shock in Children
AAOS Emergency Care and Transportation (11th ed.), Chapter: Pediatric Shock
問題 #147
A 5-year-old patient was stung by a bee and has urticaria and dyspnea. Wheezing is auscultated. What medication and dose should the EMT administer first?
答案：A
解題說明：
**
This patient has signs of anaphylaxis , not just a mild allergic reaction: bee sting exposure , urticaria , dyspnea , and wheezing . In NREMT-aligned EMT education, epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis because it treats the life-threatening airway and breathing problem by bronchodilation and also helps reverse vasodilation and capillary leak.
For EMT-level medication guidance, the national EMT refresher curriculum specifically lists epinephrine auto-injector dosing as: adult = 0.3 mg and infant/child = 0.15 mg . Since the patient is 5 years old , the correct pediatric dose is 0.15 mg , making D the correct answer.
The albuterol options are not the best first answer here. Albuterol may help wheezing from bronchospasm, but in anaphylaxis the priority medication is epinephrine first , because the problem is a systemic allergic reaction that can rapidly worsen and affect the airway and circulation. NREMT education guidance explicitly emphasizes epinephrine administration for anaphylaxis.
Why the other options are wrong:
A). Albuterol 0.5 mg - not the standard EMT answer here, and not first-line for anaphylaxis.
B). Albuterol 2.5 mg - this is a common nebulized albuterol dose, but it is still not the first medication for anaphylaxis.
C). Epinephrine 0.3 mg - this is the adult auto-injector dose, not the usual pediatric dose listed in EMT national curriculum materials.
D). Epinephrine 0.15 mg - correct pediatric first-line treatment.
問題 #148
You observe your partner as he completes a patient care report. He documents giving a medication that you know he did not administer. You should first
答案：B
解題說明：
The correct answer is D because the first appropriate action is to address the error directly and immediately by having your partner correct the patient care report . EMS documentation guidance used in national EMT education is clear that the PCR must be accurate and factual , and specifically states that providers must not chart treatments that were not actually given . For example, official EMT instructional guidance says that if a treatment such as oxygen was overlooked, do not document that it was given .
Because the false entry is being made at the time of documentation, the first step is to stop the inaccurate charting and get it corrected. If your partner refuses, then the issue should be escalated through the chain of command. Accurate PCR documentation is part of patient care, legal documentation, and quality assurance in EMS.
問題 #149
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