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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Capital Budgeting | - Internal rate of return (IRR) - Payback period analysis - Net present value (NPV) |
| Risk and Return | - Expected return - Portfolio risk and diversification |
| Cost of Capital and Valuation | - Bond and stock valuation basics - Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) |
| Financial Statement Analysis | - Cash flow analysis - Balance sheet and income statement interpretation - Financial ratios |
| Time Value of Money | - Present and future value calculations - Annuities and perpetuities |
>> Financial-Management日本語的中対策 <<
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質問 # 32
Considering the fundamental relationships of the balance sheet, how can a company's assets increase without a corresponding rise in liabilities?
正解：C
解説：
The balance sheet follows the basic accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equity. This means that if assets increase, the increase must be matched by either an increase in liabilities, an increase in owners' equity, or some combination of both. Therefore, assets can rise without liabilities rising if the increase is financed through owners' equity. This might occur if the company issues new stock, receives additional capital contributions from owners, or retains earnings instead of distributing them as dividends. Choice A is incorrect because paying dividends reduces cash, which lowers assets and retained earnings. Choice B is also incorrect because depreciation reduces the book value of assets over time rather than increasing them. Choice C is not the best answer because restructuring long-term debt generally changes the form or timing of liabilities but does not explain an increase in assets without liabilities increasing. From a financial statement analysis perspective, understanding this relationship is essential when evaluating how a firm finances growth and how changes in the balance sheet affect leverage and ownership claims. Therefore, D is the correct answer because equity financing allows assets to increase without a matching increase in liabilities.
質問 # 33
Why would a company choose to maintain a certain level of cash as a reserve balance?
正解：D
解説：
Maintaining a cash reserve is a core element of prudent working capital management. Firms hold cash to meet transaction needs, precautionary needs, and sometimes speculative opportunities. The precautionary motive is particularly important, as it allows firms to handle unexpected expenses, revenue shortfalls, or economic disruptions without relying on costly external financing. Adequate liquidity reduces the risk of financial distress and enhances operational flexibility. Financial management theory emphasizes balancing the opportunity cost of holding cash against the benefits of liquidity. Option C accurately reflects this precautionary and liquidity-focused rationale.
質問 # 34
In the statement of cash flows, how should an increase in accounts receivable be treated when calculating cash collected from customers?
正解：D
解説：
When calculating cash collected from customers, an increase in accounts receivable must be subtracted from revenue. This is because revenue includes both cash sales and credit sales, but cash collected reflects only the amount actually received during the period. If accounts receivable increased, it means some portion of reported sales has not yet been collected in cash. Therefore, that increase must be deducted to convert accrual- based revenue into a cash basis amount. The general relationship is: Cash Collected from Customers = Sales Revenue # Increase in Accounts Receivable, assuming no other unusual adjustments. This treatment is important in preparing or interpreting the operating section of the statement of cash flows, especially under the direct method. Financial management relies on this distinction because firms may appear profitable on the income statement while still facing liquidity pressure if collections are slow. The other answer choices are incorrect because accounts receivable relates to sales revenue, not cost of goods sold. Therefore, A is the correct answer because subtracting the increase in receivables properly adjusts reported revenue to the actual cash collected from customers during the accounting period.
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質問 # 35
Why should a firm not carry too much cash?
正解：B
解説：
A firm should avoid holding too much cash because excess cash creates opportunity costs. Cash is highly liquid and useful for transactions, precautionary needs, and flexibility, but it normally earns a lower return than productive investments such as equipment, expansion projects, debt reduction, or marketable securities with higher yields. When a company keeps more cash than needed for operations and risk management, it sacrifices the potential return that those funds could have earned elsewhere. Financial management emphasizes balancing liquidity against profitability. Too little cash can create distress and limit the ability to pay obligations on time, while too much cash can weaken overall performance by leaving resources idle.
Choice C is correct because opportunity cost is the most direct financial drawback of excessive cash balances.
Choice A is incorrect because firms do not pay interest simply for holding cash. Choice B is also incorrect because cash itself does not automatically create higher taxes in the way described. Choice D is not a valid financial objective. Therefore, C is the correct answer because unused cash can reduce shareholder value when it is not deployed in higher-return uses.
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質問 # 36
Rusty RoboTech, a robotics technology company, has provided the following financial information for the year 20X3:
* Sales Revenue: $500,000
* Net Income: $50,000
* Dividend Payout: 40% of Net Income
* Total Assets at the beginning of 20X3: $300,000
* Total Liabilities at the beginning of 20X3: $150,000
* Equity at the beginning of 20X3: $150,000
* Historical Cash-to-Sales Ratio: 5%
* Accounts Receivable-to-Sales Ratio: 15%
* Inventory-to-Sales Ratio: 25%
* Cost of Goods Sold-to-Sales Ratio: 43%
For the year 20X4, Rusty RoboTech projects a 20% increase in sales revenue. Other ratios and the dividend policy are expected to remain the same.
What is the projected inventory value for Rusty RoboTech at the beginning of 20X4?
正解：A
解説：
Projected sales for 20X4 equal $500,000 × 1.20 = $600,000. With the inventory-to-sales ratio expected to remain constant at 25%, projected inventory equals 25% of projected sales. Thus, inventory = 0.25 ×
$600,000 = $150,000. This approach reflects common financial planning techniques where balance sheet items are forecast using stable ratios tied to sales growth. Such pro forma analysis helps managers anticipate future asset needs and financing requirements. Option D correctly applies the inventory-to- sales ratio to projected sales.
質問 # 37
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