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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
| Topic 2: Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
| Topic 3: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
| Topic 4: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| Topic 5: Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics |
| Topic 6: Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Transparent traffic encryption - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture |
| Topic 7: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Topic 8: Network Policy | 18% | - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models |
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NEW QUESTION # 51
Which one of the following statements accurately describes the identity-based network security model used by Cilium?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium derives an endpoint's security identity from its security-relevant labels rather than from its current IP address. When multiple endpoints possess the same relevant label set, they receive and share the same numeric security identity. This enables policies to follow an application as pods are recreated, rescheduled, or scaled across nodes.
In Kubernetes, the Cilium agent obtains workload metadata through the Kubernetes API and associates the pod's labels with the corresponding Cilium endpoint. Identity allocation converts the relevant label set into a cluster-wide identity. Policy enforcement then matches that identity in the eBPF datapath instead of depending exclusively on short-lived pod addresses.
Option A incorrectly makes the IP address the source of identity and says that identities cannot be shared.
Option B incorrectly identifies annotations as the identity foundation. Annotations may configure behavior, but Cilium's security model is label-based. Option D is also incorrect because operators do not ordinarily assign each pod's numeric security identity manually. Identity allocation and lifecycle management are automatic.
Official references
Cilium Terminology and Identities , Limiting Identity-Relevant Labels
Study Guide topic: Label-derived identities and identity-based policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 52
What is the correct statement about the masquerading feature?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Masquerading performs source network address translation for qualifying traffic that leaves the cluster.
Because pod addresses are often private and not routable by the external network, Cilium replaces the pod's source address with an address belonging to the egress node. Return traffic can then reach that node, which reverses the translation and delivers the response to the originating pod. B correctly summarizes this behavior.
Masquerading is a form of SNAT, not DNAT. DNAT modifies the destination address, commonly to direct incoming traffic toward another endpoint, so C is incorrect.
Cilium documents its eBPF-based masquerading implementation as the more efficient implementation. The iptables version is the legacy alternative, making A false. Conversely, eBPF masquerading depends on appropriate kernel eBPF capabilities and Cilium's BPF NodePort functionality. It cannot be assumed to work on every kernel version, so D is false. The legacy iptables implementation is the mode documented as broadly working across kernel versions.
Cilium can exclude natively routable CIDRs from masquerading, and administrators may configure separate IPv4 and IPv6 masquerading behavior.
Official references
Cilium Masquerading , Cilium System Requirements
Study Guide topic: SNAT, native-routing exclusions, and eBPF versus iptables masquerading.
NEW QUESTION # 53
In which use case can the Cilium Service Mesh exclusively utilize eBPF without requiring a proxy such as Envoy?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium can implement Layer 3 and Layer 4 forwarding exclusively through its eBPF datapath. IP, TCP, and UDP traffic can be routed, load-balanced, filtered, and redirected through eBPF programs attached to Linux networking hooks. These operations depend on network-layer addresses, protocols, ports, identities, and connection state; they do not require application-protocol parsing by a userspace proxy.
Application-layer operations are different. Cilium's official Service Mesh architecture uses a proxy such as Envoy to parse HTTP, gRPC, and DNS when Layer 7 policy, observability, or traffic management requires understanding individual requests. The eBPF datapath transparently redirects selected traffic to the node-local proxy and retains identity context, while Envoy performs the protocol-aware operation.
Kafka parsing is also an application-layer activity rather than ordinary Layer 3 or Layer 4 forwarding.
Moreover, current Cilium releases removed the former Envoy Go extension mechanism used for Kafka and generic proxylib rules, further reinforcing that it is not an eBPF-only forwarding case.
Therefore, D accurately identifies the scenario in which the Service Mesh datapath can remain entirely in the kernel without requiring Envoy.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh ; eBPF Datapath Introduction .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 54
Which statement is true of both the Ingress Controller and Gateway API?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Both Kubernetes Ingress and the north-south use of Gateway API provide declarative Layer 7 routing from clients outside the cluster to Kubernetes workloads. They express host- and path-based routing through Kubernetes resources and can be implemented by controllers such as Cilium's Envoy-based ingress implementation. A therefore captures their shared purpose most accurately.
The remaining choices describe differences rather than universal similarities. Gateway API is explicitly role- oriented: infrastructure administrators manage GatewayClass and often Gateway , while application owners manage route resources such as HTTPRoute . The Ingress API does not provide the same formal separation of administrative and application-facing resources, making C unsuitable as a statement about both.
Implementation-specific annotations are historically common with Ingress because its core API is limited.
Gateway API was deliberately designed with more expressive, portable resource fields so that implementations do not need to depend as heavily on vendor-specific annotations; D is consequently not true of both. Namespace behavior also differs because Gateway API provides controlled cross-namespace attachment and reference mechanisms. B is therefore not the defining common capability.
Official references
Cilium Kubernetes Ingress Support , Cilium Gateway API Support , Migrating from Ingress to Gateway API Study Guide topic: Kubernetes north-south routing, Ingress, and Gateway API.
NEW QUESTION # 55
This an Ingress configuration. What is the equivalent Gateway API configuration?
Question 19 source Ingress
A)
Question 19 option A
B)
Question 19 option B
C)
Question 19 option C
D)
Question 19 option D
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option B correctly represents the Ingress as a Gateway and an attached HTTPRoute . The Gateway is named cilium , uses gatewayClassName: cilium , and exposes an HTTP listener on port 80. The HTTPRoute uses parentRefs with the same Gateway name, cilium , so the route attaches to the declared listener. Its two rules preserve the original routing behavior: /details with PathPrefix targets the details Service on port 9080, while / with PathPrefix targets productpage on port 9080.
Option A declares a Gateway named cilium but attaches its route to nginx-gateway . Because the parent reference does not identify the displayed Gateway, it is not equivalent. Options C and D use kind: Route ; the correct resource kind for HTTP path routing is HTTPRoute . They also contain malformed or altered backend and matching fields. Option D changes the details backend name, while option C contains incorrect route structure and path content.
Cilium's official migration example uses the same conversion pattern: the Ingress class becomes the Gateway' s class, paths move into HTTPRoute.rules , and the route identifies its Gateway through parentRefs .
The supplied key incorrectly identifies A. The verified answer is B.
Official references
HTTP Migration Example .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 56
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