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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Data preparation and processing | - Feature engineering
|
| Topic 2: ML model development | - Model training and tuning
|
| Topic 3: Designing ML solutions | - Framing ML problems
|
| Topic 4: ML pipeline automation and orchestration | - Pipeline design
|
| Topic 5: Deployment and operations | - Model deployment
|
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NEW QUESTION # 228
You have trained a DNN regressor with TensorFlow to predict housing prices using a set of predictive features. Your default precision is tf.float64, and you use a standard TensorFlow estimator; estimator = tf.estimator.DNNRegressor( feature_columns=[YOUR_LIST_OF_FEATURES], hidden_units-[1024, 512, 256], dropout=None) Your model performs well, but Just before deploying it to production, you discover that your current serving latency is 10ms @ 90 percentile and you currently serve on CPUs. Your production requirements expect a model latency of 8ms @ 90 percentile. You are willing to accept a small decrease in performance in order to reach the latency requirement Therefore your plan is to improve latency while evaluating how much the model ' s prediction decreases. What should you first try to quickly lower the serving latency?
Answer: A
Explanation:
* Qua ntization is a technique that reduces the numerical precision of the weights and activations of a neural network, which can improve the inference speed and reduce the memory footprint of the model 1
.
* Reducing the floating point precision from tf.float64 to tf.float16 can potentially halve the latency and memory usage of the model, while having minimal impact on the accuracy 2 .
* Increasing the dropout rate to 0.8 in either mode would not affect the latency, but would likely degrade the performance of the model significantly, as dropout is a regularization technique that randomly drops out units during training to prevent overfitti ng 3 .
* Switching from CPU to GPU serving may or may not improve the latency, depending on the hardware specifications and the model complexity, but it would also incur additional costs and complexity for deployment 4
NEW QUESTION # 229
You are developing models to classify customer support emails. You created models with TensorFlow Estimators using small datasets on your on-premises system, but you now need to train the models using large datasets to ensure high performance. You will port your models to Google Cloud and want to minimize code refactoring and infrastructure overhead for easier migration from on-prem to cloud. What should you do?
Answer: C
Explanation:
AI platform also contains kubeflow pipelines. you don't need to set up infrastructure to use it. For D you need to set up a kubernetes cluster engine. The question asks us to minimize infrastructure overheard.
NEW QUESTION # 230
You are working on a prototype of a text classification model in a managed Vertex AI Workbench notebook.
You want to quickly experiment with tokenizing text by using a Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) library.
How should you add the library to your Jupyter kernel?
Answer: C
Explanation:
NLTK is a Python library that provides a set of tools for natural language processing, such as tokenization, stemming, tagging, parsing, and sentiment analysis. Tokenization is a process of breaking a text into smaller units, such as words or sentences. You can use NLTK to quickly experiment with tokenizing text in a managed Vertex AI Workbench notebook. A Vertex AI Workbench notebook is a web-based interactive environment that allows you to write and execute Python code on Google Cloud. You can install the NLTK library from a Jupyter cell by using the !pip install nltk --user command. This command uses the pip package manager to install the NLTK library for the current user. By installing the NLTK library from a Jupyter cell, you can avoid the hassle of opening a terminal or creating a custom image for your notebook. References:
* NLTK documentation
* Vertex AI Workbench documentation
* Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer Professional Certificate
NEW QUESTION # 231
You want to train an AutoML model to predict house prices by using a small public dataset stored in BigQuery. You need to prepare the data and want to use the simplest most efficient approach. What should you do?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The simplest and most efficient approach for preparing the data for AutoML is to use BigQuery and Vertex AI. BigQuery is a serverless, scalable, and cost-effective data warehouse that can perform fast and interactive queries on large datasets. BigQuery can preprocess the data by using SQL functions such as filtering, aggregating, joining, transforming, and creating new features. The preprocessed data can be stored in a new table in BigQuery, which can be used as the data source for Vertex AI. Vertex AI is a unified platform for building and deploying machine learning solutions on Google Cloud. Vertex AI can create a managed dataset from a BigQuery table, which can be used to train an AutoML model. Vertex AI can also evaluate, deploy, and monitor the AutoML model, and provide online or batch predictions. By using BigQuery and Vertex AI, users can leverage the power and simplicity of Google Cloud to train an AutoML model to predict house prices.
The other options are not as simple or efficient as option A, for the following reasons:
* Option B: Using Dataflow to preprocess the data and write the output in TFRecord format to a Cloud Storage bucket would require more steps and resources than using BigQuery and Vertex AI. Dataflow is a service that can create scalable and reliable pipelines to process large volumes of data from various sources. Dataflow can preprocess the data by using Apache Beam, a programming model for defining and executing data processing workflows. TFRecord is a binary file format that can store sequential data efficiently. However, using Dataflow and TFRecord would require writing code, setting up a pipeline, choosing a runner, and managing the output files. Moreover, TFRecord is not a supported format for Vertex AI managed datasets, so the data would need to be converted to CSV or JSONL files before creating a Vertex AI managed dataset.
* Option C: Writing a query that preprocesses the data by using BigQuery and exporting the query results as CSV files would require more steps and storage than using BigQuery and Vertex AI. CSV is a text file format that can store tabular data in a comma-separated format. Exporting the query results as CSV files would require choosing a destination Cloud Storage bucket, specifying a file name or a wildcard, and setting the export options. Moreover, CSV files can have limitations such as size, schema, and encoding, which can affect the quality and validity of the data. Exporting the data as CSV files would also incur additional storage costs and reduce the performance of the queries.
* Option D: Using a Vertex AI Workbench notebook instance to preprocess the data by using the pandas library and exporting the data as CSV files would require more steps and skills than using BigQuery and Vertex AI. Vertex AI Workbench is a service that provides an integrated development environment for data science and machine learning. Vertex AI Workbench allows users to create and run Jupyter notebooks on Google Cloud, and access various tools and libraries for data analysis and machine learning. Pandas is a popular Python library that can manipulate and analyze data in a tabular format.
However, using Vertex AI Workbench and pandas would require creating a notebook instance, writing Python code, installing and importing pandas, connecting to BigQuery, loading and preprocessing the data, and exporting the data as CSV files. Moreover, pandas can have limitations such as memory usage, scalability, and compatibility, which can affect the efficiency and reliability of the data processing.
References:
* Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer, Course 2: Data Engineering for ML on Google Cloud, Week 1: Introduction to Data Engineering for ML
* Google Cloud Professional Machine Learning Engineer Exam Guide, Section 1: Architecting low-code ML solutions, 1.3 Training models by using AutoML
* Official Google Cloud Certified Professional Machine Learning Engineer Study Guide, Chapter 4: Low- code ML Solutions, Section 4.3: AutoML
* BigQuery
* Vertex AI
* Dataflow
* TFRecord
* CSV
* Vertex AI Workbench
* Pandas
NEW QUESTION # 232
You work at a gaming startup that has several terabytes of structured data in Cloud Storage. This data includes gameplay time data, user metadata, and game metadat a. You want to build a model that recommends new games to users that requires the least amount of coding. What should you do?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The best option to build a game recommendation model with the least amount of coding is to use BigQuery ML, which allows you to create and execute machine learning models using standard SQL queries. BigQuery ML supports several types of models, including matrix factorization, which is a common technique for collaborative filtering-based recommendation systems. Matrix factorization models learn latent factors for users and items from the observed ratings, and then use them to predict the ratings for new user-item pairs. BigQuery ML provides a built-in function called ML.RECOMMEND that can generate recommendations for a given user based on a trained matrix factorization model. To use BigQuery ML, you need to load the data in BigQuery, which is a serverless, scalable, and cost-effective data warehouse. You can use the bq command-line tool, the BigQuery API, or the Cloud Console to load data from Cloud Storage to BigQuery. Alternatively, you can use federated queries to query data directly from Cloud Storage without loading it to BigQuery, but this may incur additional costs and performance overhead. Option A is incorrect because BigQuery ML does not support Autoencoder models, which are a type of neural network that can learn compressed representations of the input data. Autoencoder models are not suitable for recommendation systems, as they do not capture the interactions between users and items. Option C is incorrect because using TensorFlow to train a two-tower model requires more coding than using BigQuery ML. A two-tower model is a type of neural network that learns embeddings for users and items separately, and then combines them with a dot product or a cosine similarity to compute the rating. TensorFlow is a low-level framework that requires you to define the model architecture, the loss function, the optimizer, the training loop, and the evaluation metrics. Moreover, you need to read the data from Cloud Storage to a Vertex AI Workbench notebook, which is an instance of JupyterLab that runs on a Google Cloud virtual machine. This may involve additional steps such as authentication, authorization, and data preprocessing. Option D is incorrect because using TensorFlow to train a matrix factorization model also requires more coding than using BigQuery ML. Although TensorFlow provides some high-level APIs such as Keras and TensorFlow Recommenders that can simplify the model development, you still need to handle the data loading and the model training and evaluation yourself. Furthermore, you need to read the data from Cloud Storage to a Vertex AI Workbench notebook, which may incur additional complexity and costs. Reference:
BigQuery ML documentation
Using matrix factorization with BigQuery ML
Recommendations AI documentation
Loading data into BigQuery
Querying data in Cloud Storage from BigQuery
Vertex AI Workbench documentation
TensorFlow documentation
TensorFlow Recommenders documentation
NEW QUESTION # 233
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