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NEW QUESTION # 15
Refer to the exhibit.
Which two observations can you make about the web filter traffic captured using the flow tool? (Choose two.)
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
Analyze the "Send to Application Layer" Message:
The most critical line in the debug output is: id=65308 ... func=av_receive ... msg="send to application layer" Meaning: This message indicates that the FortiGate kernel is handing the packet over to a user-space daemon (specifically the WAD/Proxy process, indicated by av_receive handlers) for deep inspection.
Implication: This behavior is the hallmark of Proxy-based inspection. In Flow-based inspection, the traffic is handled by the IPS engine (often within the kernel or via specific IPS handlers like ips_measure), and you would not typically see a "send to application layer" message for standard web filtering.
Evaluate Option B (Firewall Policy Mode):
Since the traffic is being sent to the application layer proxy, the Firewall Policy controlling this traffic (Policy ID 1, as seen in Allowed by Policy-1) must be configured with Inspection Mode = Proxy. If it were Flow- based, the traffic would stay in the flow path. Thus, Option B is correct.
Evaluate Option C (Web Filter Profile Mode):
In FortiOS, when a firewall policy is set to Proxy-based inspection, the security profiles (like Web Filter) applied to that policy also operate in Proxy-based inspection mode. The presence of the av_receive function confirms that the content inspection (Web Filter/AV) is being performed by the proxy engine. Thus, Option C is correct.
Why Option A is Incorrect (NPU Offload):
The output shows npu_state=0x100. In the context of a flow trace where traffic is being "sent to application layer," this confirms the session is not fully offloaded to the NPU (Network Processor). Offloaded traffic (Fast Path) is handled by the hardware and would not generate these specific CPU-level debug logs for the payload inspection phase. The proxying process requires CPU intervention.
Why Option D is Incorrect (Port Mapping):
While valid protocol mapping is necessary for inspection, the specific debug output shown is a direct result of the Inspection Mode (Proxy vs. Flow). The observation of the traffic moving to the application layer is primarily caused by the policy and profile mode settings, making B and C the direct "observations" derived from the log data.
Reference:
FortiGate Troubleshooting (Debug Flow): "If the debug flow shows msg='send to application layer', it confirms the traffic is being handled by the proxy (WAD) for Proxy-based inspection."
NEW QUESTION # 16
Which two protocol states indicate that traffic is bidirectional? (Choose two.)
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
The correct answers are A and B.
For UDP, the study guide states this directly: "For UDP, the session state can have only two values: 00 when traffic is only one way, and 01 when traffic is two ways. For ICMP, the protocol state is always 00." That makes B correct and D incorrect.
For TCP, the study guide explains that the protocol state is a two-digit number, where the first digit is the server-side state and the second digit is the client-side state. It also states that the first digit is 0 when the session is not subject to any inspection, and the TCP state table shows that value 1 = ESTABLISHED So, for a normal non-proxied/non-inspected TCP session, proto_state=01 means the TCP session is in the ESTABLISHED state. An established TCP session means the three-way handshake has completed, which requires traffic in both directions. That is why A is correct.
The study guide also says: "proto_state=11 means that the TCP three-way handshake for both server-side and client-side is completed (ESTABLISHED)." This confirms that TCP state value 1 represents an established state.
Why C is not selected: the study guide defines value 5 as TIME_WAIT and says: "When a session is closed by both the sender and receiver, FortiGate keeps that session in the session table for a few seconds... This is the state value 5." So proto_state=05 represents a closing/closed TCP session in TIME_WAIT, not the normal bidirectional state the question is testing.
Therefore, the verified answers are A and B.
NEW QUESTION # 17
Refer to the exhibit.
The modified output of live routing kemel is shown
Which two statements about the output are (rue? (Choose two.)
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
We must analyze the flags (*, >, S, O, B) and Administrative Distances (AD) shown in the get router info routing-table database exhibit to determine the correct statements.
* Analysis for Option A (The BGP route to 10.0.4.0/24 is not in the forwarding information base):
* True. Look at the entry for 10.0.4.0/24.
* There is an OSPF route: O *> 10.0.4.0/24 [110/2]. The * indicates it is in the FIB, and > indicates it is the selected route.
* There is a BGP route: B 10.0.4.0/24 [200/10]. This line lacks the * flag.
* Reason: The OSPF route has an Administrative Distance of 110. The BGP route (iBGP) has an AD of 200. Since 110 is lower than 200, OSPF wins, and the BGP route is not installed in the Forwarding Information Base (FIB).
* Analysis for Option B (The default static route through 10.200.1.254 is in the forwarding information base):
* True. Look at the 0.0.0.0/0 entries.
* The first entry is S *> 0.0.0.0/0 [10/0] via 10.200.1.254.
* The * flag confirms this specific route is installed in the FIB.
* The second static route (via 10.200.2.254) has a higher distance ([20/0]) and no * flag, so it is inactive.
* Why C is False: ECMP (Equal Cost Multi-Path) requires routes to have the same cost/priority. Here, one static route has AD 10 and the other has AD 20. They are not equal, so ECMP is not performed.
* Why D is False: The routing table database shows active routes, not the raw Link State Advertisement (LSA) database. You cannot determine the number of LSAs received solely from this output.
Reference:
FortiGate Security 7.6 Study Guide (Routing): "The routing table database displays all known routes... The
* indicates the route is in the FIB... Lower Administrative Distance is preferred."
NEW QUESTION # 18
Refer to the exhibit, which shows the partial output of FortiOS kernel slabs.
Which statement is true?
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 19
In IKEv2, which exchange establishes the first CHILD_SA?
Answer: D
Explanation:
According to RFC 7296 (IKEv2) and Fortinet's official documentation, the IKE_SA_INIT exchange is responsible for negotiating cryptographic parameters, performing the initial Diffie-Hellman exchange, and implementing the cookie challenge mechanism for DoS protection. When the responder suspects a DoS attack (such as mass requests by the same source), it includes a cookie in the IKE_SA_INIT response. The initiator must return the cookie in its next request to prove that it truly exists at the IP address it claims, thereby mitigating resource exhaustion attacks.
This two-step exchange ensures the responder only allocates resources after successful proof of address, aligning with best security practices. Fortinet documentation confirms that this process occurs strictly in the IKE_SA_INIT phase, not in subsequent IKE_Auth or CHILD_SA exchanges.
References:
RFC 7296: IKEv2, Section 2.6, "Denial of Service Protection"
Fortinet FortiOS VPN Handbook: IKEv2 Exchange Process and DoS Protection Mechanism
NEW QUESTION # 20
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