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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Minimize base image footprint - Sign container images and verify signatures - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Understand the container build process - Use distroless images for static workload |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Configure network policies for namespace isolation - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls |
| Cluster Setup | 10% | - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure - Manage sensitive information in clusters |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl - Enable audit logging - Modify host components to improve security |
| Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Detect threats at the container level - Understand and monitor network traffic - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies |
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NEW QUESTION # 16
SIMULATION
Create a Pod name Nginx-pod inside the namespace testing, Create a service for the Nginx-pod named nginx-svc, using the ingress of your choice, run the ingress on tls, secure port.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation belowExplanation:
$ kubectl get ing -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource>
NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
cafe-ingress cafe.com 10.0.2.15 80 25s
$ kubectl describe ing <ingress-resource-name> -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource> Name: cafe-ingress Namespace: default Address: 10.0.2.15 Default backend: default-http-backend:80 (172.17.0.5:8080) Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
cafe.com
/tea tea-svc:80 (<none>)
/coffee coffee-svc:80 (<none>)
Annotations:
kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: {"apiVersion":"networking.k8s.io/v1","kind":"Ingress","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"cafe-ingress","namespace":"default","selfLink":"/apis/networking/v1/namespaces/default/ingresses/cafe-ingress"},"spec":{"rules":[{"host":"cafe.com","http":{"paths":[{"backend":{"serviceName":"tea-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/tea"},{"backend":{"serviceName":"coffee-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/coffee"}]}}]},"status":{"loadBalancer":{"ingress":[{"ip":"169.48.142.110"}]}}} Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal CREATE 1m ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
Normal UPDATE 58s ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
$ kubectl get pods -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller>
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j 1/1 Running 0 1m
$ kubectl logs -n <namespace> ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NGINX Ingress controller Release: 0.14.0 Build: git-734361d Repository: https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
....
NEW QUESTION # 17
You have a Kubernetes cluster running a critical application that uses a sensitive configuration file mounted as a volume. You want to ensure that only authorized users can access this configuration file. How would you restrict access to this configuration file using Kubernetes R8AC, including the necessary roles, bindings, and service accounts?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Service Account
- Create a service account for the application that needs access to the configuration file.
- Example:
2. Create a Role: - Create a role that grants read-only access to the configuration file. - Example:
3. Bind the Role to the Service Account: - Bind the role to the service account to grant access. - Example:
4. Update the Deployment: - Update the deployment YAML to use the service account and specify the volume mount. - Example:
5. Apply the Changes: - Apply the service account, role, role binding, and updated deployment using ' kubectl apply -f' commands.
NEW QUESTION # 18
SIMULATION
Documentation Deployment, Pod, Namespace
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000028
Context
You must update an existing Pod to ensure the immutability of its containers.
Task
Modify the existing Deployment named lamp-deployment, running in namespace lamp, so that its containers:
. run with user ID 20000
. use a read-only root filesystem
. forbid privilege escalation
The Deployment's manifest file con be found at /home/candidate/finer-sunbeam/lamp-deployment.yaml.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000028
sudo -i
2) Use the right kubeconfig (safe in exam)
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
3) Open the provided Deployment manifest
vi /home/candidate/finer-sunbeam/lamp-deployment.yaml
4) Edit ONLY the Pod template security settings (add/modify these fields) Inside:
spec: -> template: -> spec:
4.1 Set container to run as user 20000
Add (or change) under the container securityContext::
securityContext:
runAsUser: 20000
4.2 Make root filesystem read-only
In the SAME container securityContext: ensure:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
4.3 Forbid privilege escalation
In the SAME container securityContext: ensure:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
โ
The container section should look like this (example - keep your existing image/ports/etc):
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: <your-container-name>
image: <unchanged>
securityContext:
runAsUser: 20000
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
If there are multiple containers, apply the same securityContext to each container.
Save and exit:
:wq
5) Apply the manifest (updates Deployment -> recreates Pods)
kubectl -n lamp apply -f /home/candidate/finer-sunbeam/lamp-deployment.yaml
6) Wait for rollout
kubectl -n lamp rollout status deployment/lamp-deployment
7) Verify the security settings are live
7.1 Check the Pod is running
kubectl -n lamp get pods -l app=lamp -o wide
(if label differs, just kubectl -n lamp get pods)
7.2 Verify the three fields on a running Pod
Pick the Pod name and run:
POD=$(kubectl -n lamp get pods -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') kubectl -n lamp get pod $POD -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[0].securityContext.runAsUser}{"\n"}{.spec.containers[0].securityContext.readOnlyRootFilesystem}{"\n"}{.spec.containers[0].securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation}{"\n"}' Expected output:
20000
true
false
If the pod fails after readOnlyRootFilesystem=true
Don't change the requirement (task demands it). Usually the app needs writable dirs via volumes, but the task doesn't ask for that-so only adjust if the manifest already has volumes and just needs these securityContext fields.
NEW QUESTION # 19
You need to implement a secure CI/CD pipeline for building and deploying containerized applications to a Kubemetes cluster. The pipeline should include security checks and validation steps at each stage to minimize the risk of introducing vulnerabilities. What security best practices would you follow?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Source Code Security:
- Static Application Security Testing (SAST): Integrate SAST tools into your CIICD pipeline to identify vulnerabilities in your source code.
- Dependency Scanning: Use dependency scanning tools to identify known vulnerabilities in your application's dependencies.
- Code Review: Enforce mandatory code reviews for all changes to production branches to catch potential vulnerabilities.
2. Container Image Security'
- Container Image Scanning: Scan your container images for vulnerabilities and malware.
- Multi-stage Builds: Use multi-stage Docker builds to create smaller and more secure container images.
- Signed Images: Sign your container images to ensure their authenticity and prevent tampering.
3. Infrastructure Security:
- Infrastructure as Code (IaC): Use Iac tools to define your Kubernetes infrastructure and configurations, ensuring consistency and security.
- Policy Enforcement: Implement Kubernetes admission controllers and policies to enforce security best practices during deployment.
4. Deployment Security:
- Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Use RBAC to restrict access to sensitive Kubernetes resources.
- Network Policies: Implement network policies to control communication between pods.
- Deployment Strategies: Choose deployment strategies like rolling updates or canary deployments to minimize the impact of security incidents.
5. Monitoring and Auditing:
- Kubernetes Logging and Monitoring: Configure logging and monitoring to track events and identify potential security incidents.
- Security Auditing: Regularly audit your CI/CD pipeline and Kubernetes cluster for security compliance.
6. Continuous Security Assessment:
- Security Scanning: Regularly scan your source code, container images, and infrastructure for vulnerabilities.
- Vulnerability Management Track and remediate discovered vulnerabilities.
7. Secure Development Practices:
- Secure Coding Standards: Enforce secure coding standards and best practices.
- Security Training: Provide security training to developers to increase awareness of common vulnerabilities.
- Security Bug Bounties: Consider offering security bug bounties to incentivize ethical hackers to find and report vulnerabilities.
NEW QUESTION # 20
SIMULATION
Create a PSP that will prevent the creation of privileged pods in the namespace.
Create a new PodSecurityPolicy named prevent-privileged-policy which prevents the creation of privileged pods.
Create a new ServiceAccount named psp-sa in the namespace default.
Create a new ClusterRole named prevent-role, which uses the newly created Pod Security Policy prevent-privileged-policy.
Create a new ClusterRoleBinding named prevent-role-binding, which binds the created ClusterRole prevent-role to the created SA psp-sa.
Also, Check the Configuration is working or not by trying to Create a Privileged pod, it should get failed.
Answer:
Explanation:
Create a PSP that will prevent the creation of privileged pods in the namespace.
$ cat clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: use-privileged-psp
rules:
- apiGroups: ['policy']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames:
- default-psp
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: privileged-role-bind
namespace: psp-test
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: use-privileged-psp
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: privileged-sa
$ kubectl -n psp-test apply -f clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
After a few moments, the privileged Pod should be created.
Create a new PodSecurityPolicy named prevent-privileged-policy which prevents the creation of privileged pods.
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: example
spec:
privileged: false # Don't allow privileged pods!
# The rest fills in some required fields.
seLinux:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
runAsUser:
rule: RunAsAny
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
volumes:
- '*'
And create it with kubectl:
kubectl-admin create -f example-psp.yaml
Now, as the unprivileged user, try to create a simple pod:
kubectl-user create -f- <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pause
spec:
containers:
- name: pause
image: k8s.gcr.io/pause
EOF
The output is similar to this:
Error from server (Forbidden): error when creating "STDIN": pods "pause" is forbidden: unable to validate against any pod security policy: [] Create a new ServiceAccount named psp-sa in the namespace default.
$ cat clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: use-privileged-psp
rules:
- apiGroups: ['policy']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames:
- default-psp
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: privileged-role-bind
namespace: psp-test
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: use-privileged-psp
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: privileged-sa
$ kubectl -n psp-test apply -f clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
After a few moments, the privileged Pod should be created.
Create a new ClusterRole named prevent-role, which uses the newly created Pod Security Policy prevent-privileged-policy.
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: example
spec:
privileged: false # Don't allow privileged pods!
# The rest fills in some required fields.
seLinux:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
runAsUser:
rule: RunAsAny
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
volumes:
- '*'
And create it with kubectl:
kubectl-admin create -f example-psp.yaml
Now, as the unprivileged user, try to create a simple pod:
kubectl-user create -f- <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pause
spec:
containers:
- name: pause
image: k8s.gcr.io/pause
EOF
The output is similar to this:
Error from server (Forbidden): error when creating "STDIN": pods "pause" is forbidden: unable to validate against any pod security policy: [] Create a new ClusterRoleBinding named prevent-role-binding, which binds the created ClusterRole prevent-role to the created SA psp-sa.
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
# This role binding allows "jane" to read pods in the "default" namespace.
# You need to already have a Role named "pod-reader" in that namespace.
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: read-pods
namespace: default
subjects:
# You can specify more than one "subject"
- kind: User
name: jane # "name" is case sensitive
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
# "roleRef" specifies the binding to a Role / ClusterRole
kind: Role #this must be Role or ClusterRole
name: pod-reader # this must match the name of the Role or ClusterRole you wish to bind to apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata:
namespace: default
name: pod-reader
rules:
- apiGroups: [""] # "" indicates the core API group
resources: ["pods"]
verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"]
NEW QUESTION # 21
......
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