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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Regression and Correlation | - Relationship analysis
|
| Probability Distributions | - Continuous distributions
|
| Descriptive Statistics | - Data visualization
|
| Probability | - Probability rules
|
| Statistical Inference | - Estimation
|
>> Applied-Probability-and-Statistics Knowledge Points <<
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NEW QUESTION # 116
Z-test used when:
Answer: C
Explanation:
A z-test for a population mean is used when the population standard deviation # is known and the sampling distribution of the test statistic can be treated as normal. The test statistic has the form z = (sample statistic # hypothesized parameter) divided by the standard error. Knowing # allows the standard error to be computed using #/#n rather than estimating it with the sample standard deviation. Option B describes the common setting for a t-test, not a z-test. Option C is not sufficient by itself; small samples generally require stronger normality assumptions and often favor t-procedures when # is unknown. Option D is unrelated to the classic z- test for a mean, though z-tests can also be used for proportions under appropriate large-sample conditions. In the provided answer set, the defining condition is that the population standard deviation is known. Study Guide references/topics: z-test, population standard deviation, standard error, hypothesis testing.
NEW QUESTION # 117
Random variable X = number of heads in 4 coin flips #
Answer: B
Explanation:
The random variable X counts the number of heads obtained in 4 coin flips. Since it is a count, it can take only specific whole-number values: 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. It cannot take fractional values such as 2.5 heads. A random variable with countable possible outcomes is classified as discrete. This situation also fits a binomial framework because there is a fixed number of independent trials, each trial has two outcomes, and the probability of heads remains constant for a fair coin. A continuous random variable, by contrast, can take any value over an interval, such as time, weight, or height. The number of heads is not measured on a continuum; it is counted. Therefore, the correct classification is discrete. Study Guide references/topics: discrete random variables, binomial setting, coin-flip outcomes, probability distributions.
NEW QUESTION # 118
95% confidence interval for mean = (45, 55). Which statement is correct?
Answer: A
Explanation:
A 95% confidence interval provides a plausible range of values for an unknown population mean based on sample data. The interval (45, 55) means the method used to construct the interval captures the true population mean in approximately 95% of repeated samples under the same conditions. In practical exam language, the correct interpretation is that the population mean is estimated to lie within the interval with 95% confidence. Option B states the midpoint of the interval, 50, but the question asks for the correct confidence interval interpretation, not just the center. Option C is incorrect because the population mean is not always the upper endpoint. Option D is imprecise because once an interval is computed, it is fixed; the confidence level refers to the long-run success rate of the procedure, not a changing probability attached to that exact fixed interval. Study Guide references/topics: confidence intervals, population mean, point estimate, margin of error.
NEW QUESTION # 119
A researcher has collected information on students from a school. The researcher wants to display the ethnic groups represented in the school.
Which pair of graphs both display data in this manner?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Ethnic group is a categorical variable because it classifies students into named groups rather than measuring a numerical quantity. Categorical data are commonly displayed with bar graphs or pie charts. A bar graph shows the frequency or relative frequency of each category using separate bars, making it easy to compare group sizes. A pie chart shows how the whole student population is divided among categories, making it useful for displaying proportions or percentages. Therefore, the correct pair is bar graph and pie chart. A box plot is used for quantitative data and summarizes values using quartiles and a median, so it is not appropriate for ethnic categories. A line graph is typically used to show change over time or ordered numerical trends. A histogram is used for distributions of quantitative data grouped into intervals, not named categories. Since the goal is to display category membership, both selected graphs must support categorical frequency or percentage displays. References/topics from the Study Guide: categorical data displays, bar graphs, pie charts, relative frequency.
NEW QUESTION # 120
One-sample t-test compares:
Answer: D
Explanation:
A one-sample t-test is used to compare a sample mean to a hypothesized or known population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown and the data are approximately normal or the sample size is sufficiently large. The test statistic evaluates how far the sample mean is from the hypothesized mean in standard error units. Option A is therefore correct. A two-sample t-test compares means from two independent groups, so option B describes a different test. Tests of variances use procedures such as chi-square or F-based methods depending on context, so option C is not appropriate. Tests of proportions use z procedures for categorical success/failure data, not a one-sample t-test for means. The t-test is part of inferential statistics because it uses sample evidence to make a decision about a population parameter. Study Guide references
/topics: one-sample t-test, sample mean, population mean, hypothesis testing.
NEW QUESTION # 121
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