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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
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NEW QUESTION # 56
Which encapsulation protocols are supported when configuring Cilium in tunnel mode?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium tunnel mode supports VXLAN and Geneve encapsulation. In this routing model, Cilium nodes form an overlay mesh, and traffic exchanged between nodes is carried inside UDP-encapsulated packets. VXLAN is the default tunnel protocol and normally uses UDP port 8472. Geneve is the alternative and normally uses UDP port 6081. Operators select the protocol through the tunnel-protocol configuration setting, whose documented values are vxlan and geneve .
Encapsulation reduces the requirements placed on the underlying network. The underlay only needs to provide IP connectivity between the Kubernetes nodes and permit the selected UDP tunnel port. It does not need to learn or route individual PodCIDRs. Cilium also uses the tunnel metadata to carry information such as the source security identity, avoiding an additional identity lookup on the receiving node.
MPLS, OTV, STT, and EVPN are not supported values for Cilium's tunnel-protocol setting. EVPN may be used in broader data-center network designs, and MPLS is a carrier-routing technology, but neither is a Cilium overlay encapsulation choice. Therefore, B is the only supported pair.
Official references
Cilium Routing ; System Requirements .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 57
You are tasked to install Cilium and enable transparent encryption in a cluster in which the following conditions applies:
# Internal cluster traffic is IPv6-only
# The current cluster is running on 5001 nodes
# The cluster is planned to connect to another cluster which has 5001 nodes through Cluster Mesh What are your recommendations regarding transparent encryption?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is a supported recommendation: Cilium's WireGuard implementation provides transparent encryption between Cilium-managed endpoints, works with Cluster Mesh, and distributes node public keys to remote clusters through clustermesh-apiserver . All participating clusters must enable WireGuard, and inter-cluster firewalls must permit UDP port 51871. IPv6-only pod traffic does not inherently disqualify WireGuard.
However, this question is no longer uniquely answerable from current Cilium documentation. Current IPsec documentation supports IPv6 pod-to-pod connectivity and sets its cluster or Cluster Mesh limit at more than
65,535 nodes. The described mesh contains 10,002 nodes, so option B is also technically supportable under the stated facts. The older distinction apparently assumed by the supplied key is no longer sufficient to exclude IPsec.
Options C and D are definitively false. Ten thousand and two nodes remain below the documented IPsec ceiling, and transparent encryption is not restricted to IPv4. WireGuard may still be selected for its automatic per-node key-pair distribution and simpler Cluster Mesh integration, but workload performance, kernel support, firewall rules, key-management requirements, and operational testing should inform a production recommendation.
Official references
WireGuard Transparent Encryption , IPsec Transparent Encryption
Study Guide topic: Transparent-encryption selection, IPv6, Cluster Mesh, and scaling limits.
NEW QUESTION # 58
You need to expose an application over HTTPS on your Cilium-managed Kubernetes cluster The security team has specifically asked for traffic to be encrypted all the way from the external clients to the Service.
Which option should you use?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The requirement is that traffic remain encrypted all the way from the external client to the backend Service .
Therefore, TLS must not terminate at the Cilium Gateway/Envoy proxy .
With TLS Passthrough , Cilium forwards the encrypted TLS stream to the backend without decrypting the application traffic. Envoy can inspect the TLS ClientHello/SNI sufficiently to select the appropriate backend, but the TLS session itself continues to the Service. Cilium specifically supports TLS passthrough with the Gateway API TLSRoute resource .
By contrast, TLS Terminate + HTTPRoute decrypts the connection at the Gateway. Although a separate encrypted connection to the backend can be configured in some architectures, that is not the same as preserving the original end-to-end TLS session requested here. Cilium's HTTPS Gateway examples use TLS termination when the Gateway itself handles the certificate.
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 59
Which statement is true about Mutual Authentication with Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
SPIRE supplies workload identities as SPIFFE Verifiable Identity Documents, including X.509 key material used for mutual authentication. SPIFFE's identity model supports automatic issuance, rotation, and revocation, allowing short-lived certificates to be renewed without manually distributing static credentials.
This makes D the correct statement.
Option A reverses the documented default. Cilium's default SPIRE installation requires persistent-volume support. In-memory storage can be selected for laboratory environments by disabling server data storage, but that setting causes SPIRE data to be recreated if the server pod restarts. Option B also reverses the relationship between the projects: SPIFFE defines the identity standards and APIs, while SPIRE is a production-ready implementation of SPIFFE. Cilium's mutual-authentication integration has been validated with SPIRE.
Option C overstates the operational requirement. A SPIRE server is involved, but Cilium's Helm chart can deploy and configure the supported SPIRE server and per-node agents. Administrators may provide their own deployment, yet a completely manual installation is not mandatory.
Current documentation classifies this mutual-authentication implementation as beta and notes limitations, including incompatibility with Cluster Mesh trust domains. Those maturity constraints do not change the certificate-management behavior described in D.
Official references
Cilium Mutual Authentication .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 60
As a Kubernetes user, you have deployed the following Cilium Network Policy:
Cilium Layer 7 network policy exhibit
The network policy is not having any effect. What Is the Issue?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The policy attaches an HTTP Layer 7 rule to port 80 but omits protocol: TCP from the associated ports entry.
HTTP policy is layered on a Layer 4 TCP rule, and the documented Cilium form explicitly identifies TCP before specifying the HTTP method and path. D therefore identifies the configuration defect intended by the question.
The cross-namespace source selection is valid. The policy resides in namespace back and selects backend pods there. Its fromEndpoints selector explicitly includes k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace: blog , allowing it to select matching app-frontend endpoints in that other namespace. Option A is consequently not an error.
The k8s: source prefix in k8s:app.kubernetes.io/name is also valid Cilium label syntax and identifies the Kubernetes label source, making B false. Port 80 may be used in a Cilium policy; the privileged-port restriction concerns which processes may bind low-numbered ports under operating-system permissions, not whether a network policy can reference them.
The corrected port entry should contain port: "80" together with protocol: TCP .
Official references
Cilium Layer 7 Policies , Kubernetes Constructs in Cilium Policy
Study Guide topic: Combining Layer 4 port rules with Layer 7 HTTP policies.
NEW QUESTION # 61
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