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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
| Topic 2: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| Topic 3: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Topic 4: Service Mesh | 16% | - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Transparent traffic encryption - Ingress and Gateway API integration |
| Topic 5: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - BGP peering and service advertisement - External gateway integration |
| Topic 6: Network Policy | 18% | - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models |
| Topic 7: Architecture | 20% | - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement - Cilium core architecture and components |
| Topic 8: Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics |
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NEW QUESTION # 26
What is an accurate description related to eBPF?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
D is the accurate general description because eBPF programs can attach at kernel and application-related hook points where data may already be decrypted, depending on the program and the selected hook. The statement says "could," not that every packet-processing eBPF program automatically decrypts TLS. Cilium's documented TLS-aware inspection uses controlled TLS termination and a userspace Envoy proxy; the broader point is that eBPF is not restricted to observing encrypted wire-format packets at a single network interface.
The other choices are directly contradicted by Cilium's eBPF documentation. XDP and traffic-control programs can be replaced atomically at runtime without rebooting the host or restarting network services, so A is false. Traffic-control BPF supports both ingress and egress hook points, making B false. Cilium also applies eBPF-based security to the host through its Host Firewall and host-policy capabilities; therefore, eBPF security is not inherently confined to container traffic, and C is false.
A critical distinction is that inspecting application plaintext depends on where the program attaches and where encryption occurs. Cilium's ordinary L3/L4 datapath does not magically decrypt TLS, while its documented TLS interception workflow explicitly terminates and re-originates selected connections to expose application- layer content.
Official references
Cilium eBPF program types ; eBPF datapath introduction ; Inspecting TLS Encrypted Connections .
Study Guide topic: eBPF.
NEW QUESTION # 27
What is the issue with the following egress gateway manifest specification?
Egress gateway manifest exhibit
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The manifest specifies both interface: net1 and egressIP: 10.3.4.5 in the same egressGateway configuration.
These properties are mutually exclusive. Cilium ignores an Egress Gateway policy containing both, so A correctly identifies the defect.
When interface is supplied, Cilium uses the selected interface and chooses its first suitable IPv4 and IPv6 addresses as the SNAT addresses. When egressIP is supplied, that address must already be assigned to a network device on the chosen gateway node; Cilium determines the corresponding interface through a route lookup. Administrators may also omit both fields, causing Cilium to select the default-route interface and its addresses.
Option B is incorrect because matchLabels can contain multiple label key-value pairs, as the exhibit does with app: blog and component: backend . Option C is false because the egress address need not be publicly routable; private addresses are valid when routing and upstream network design support them. Option D is false because Cilium does not restrict gateway interfaces to names beginning with eth .
Official references
Cilium Egress Gateway
Study Guide topic: Egress Gateway node selection, interface selection, and SNAT addresses.
NEW QUESTION # 28
What would be a benefit of using remote service affinity in a Cluster Mesh deployment?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Remote service affinity directs a global Service to prefer healthy backend endpoints located in remote clusters. This can support maintenance or staged rollouts in which the local copy of an application is temporarily unavailable or intentionally removed from service. Requests originating in the local cluster continue through the same global Service but are forwarded to the preferred remote backends, matching the use case described by D.
Cilium configures this behavior through the service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" annotation. The preference affects backend selection; it does not require clients to use a different Service address. If remote backends are available, they are marked as preferred. This provides operators with a controlled way to direct traffic away from the local deployment during an update.
Option A describes local affinity from the perspective of the cluster containing the client, not remote affinity.
Option B incorrectly introduces the Egress Gateway, which provides controlled source addresses and routing for outbound traffic rather than Cluster Mesh global-Service affinity. Option C describes the normal none affinity behavior, under which Cilium has no local-or-remote preference and can load-balance across both categories.
Remote affinity therefore enables temporary cross-cluster continuity while local application instances are updated or otherwise unavailable.
Official references
Cluster Mesh Service Affinity .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which one of the following service mesh features and use cases is natively supported by Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended answer is A because API request limiting corresponds to rate limiting, which Cilium identifies as a core Layer 7 traffic-management capability. Cilium combines its eBPF datapath with Envoy for application-layer processing. The official Service Mesh documentation expressly includes rate limiting among the functions that must understand protocols such as HTTP, REST, gRPC, and WebSocket. It is therefore not merely packet-rate policing at Layer 3 or Layer 4; it can be applied with application-protocol context.
However, this question is no longer valid as a strict single-answer item. Current Cilium documentation also describes proxy-based Layer 7 load balancing as useful for gRPC and provides an Envoy-backed implementation for Kubernetes Services. Consequently, option C is also supportable under the current product documentation, although the feature is identified as beta. API authorization and fault-delay injection are not presented as equivalent first-class Cilium Service Mesh use cases in the cited feature overview.
For certification-bank purposes, retain A as the intended answer, but revise option C or qualify it to restore a unique correct choice.
Official references
Service Mesh ; Proxy Load Balancing for Kubernetes Services .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 30
What is correct about this Cilium Network Policy?
Question 21 Cilium Network Policy exhibit
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended policy selects every Cilium-managed endpoint in the namespace where the CiliumNetworkPolicy is created because endpointSelector: {} is empty. The manifest does not specify metadata.namespace ; if it is applied normally in the default namespace, the selected endpoints are therefore all pods in default , not pods across every namespace. The egress destination selector identifies pods in kube- system carrying k8s-app: kube-dns , while matchPattern: "*" allows all DNS query names handled by the DNS rule. This supports the intended answer A.
There is, however, a material defect in the exhibit: toPorts is a list in the Cilium policy schema, but the image shows rules directly beneath toPorts without a preceding list marker. The official form is toPorts: , followed by - ports: and rules: within that list item. Port 53 and its protocol should also be stated explicitly. Exactly as displayed, the manifest should not be treated as a valid deployable policy.
The question should be corrected before examination use. Once the missing list item and port definition are restored, A accurately describes its scope and effect.
Official references
Using Kubernetes Constructs in Policy ; Layer 7 Protocol Visibility .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 31
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