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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Historical evolution and modern applications - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Topic 2: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Standards and compliance - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes |
| Topic 3: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Principles: public/private key pairs - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Digital signatures: purpose and process |
| Topic 4: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP |
| Topic 5: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - HMAC construction and application |
| Topic 6: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Principles and operation |
>> Introduction-to-Cryptography최신 업데이트 인증공부자료 <<
연구결과에 의하면WGU인증 Introduction-to-Cryptography시험은 너무 어려워 시험패스율이 낮다고 합니다. Itexamdump의 WGU인증 Introduction-to-Cryptography덤프와 만나면WGU인증 Introduction-to-Cryptography시험에 두려움을 느끼지 않으셔도 됩니다. Itexamdump의 WGU인증 Introduction-to-Cryptography덤프는 엘리트한 IT전문가들이 실제시험을 연구하여 정리해둔 퍼펙트한 시험대비 공부자료입니다. 저희 덤프만 공부하시면 시간도 절약하고 가격도 친근하며 시험준비로 인한 여러방면의 스트레스를 적게 받아WGU인증 Introduction-to-Cryptography시험패스가 한결 쉬워집니다.
질문 # 15
(Which authentication method allows a web service installed on a network operating system to prove its identity to a customer?)
정답：D
설명：
One-way server authentication is the standard model used by most TLS-enabled web services to prove the server's identity to a client. In this model, the server presents an X.509 certificate during the TLS handshake. The client validates the certificate chain to a trusted root CA, checks hostname binding (CN
/SAN), validates validity dates, and may check revocation status. If validation succeeds, the client gains cryptographic assurance that it is communicating with the holder of the private key corresponding to the server certificate's public key, and that the certificate is issued to the expected domain/identity. This proves the server's identity to the customer without requiring the customer to present a certificate.
Mutual authentication would require both client and server to authenticate each other using certificates (commonly in certain enterprise APIs), but the question asks specifically about the web service proving its identity to the customer, which is satisfied by server-only authentication. One-way client authentication is the opposite direction (client proves identity to server). "End-to-end authentication" is a broader concept and not the specific TLS identity proof mechanism described here. Thus, one-way server authentication is the correct choice.
질문 # 16
(Which certificate encoding process is binary-based?)
정답：C
설명：
DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules) is a binary encoding format used to represent ASN.1 structures in a canonical, unambiguous way. X.509 certificates are defined using ASN.1, and DER provides a strict subset of BER (Basic Encoding Rules) that guarantees a single, unique encoding for any given data structure. That "unique encoding" property is important for cryptographic operations such as hashing and digital signatures, because different encodings of the same abstract data could otherwise produce different hashes and break signature verification. In contrast, PEM is not a binary encoding; it is essentially a Base64-encoded text wrapper around DER data, bounded by header/footer lines (e.g.,
"BEGIN CERTIFICATE"). PKI is an overall framework for certificate issuance, trust, and lifecycle management-not an encoding. RSA is an asymmetric algorithm used for encryption/signing, not a certificate encoding format. Therefore, the binary-based certificate encoding process among the options is DER.
질문 # 17
(What is an alternative to using a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) with certificates?)
정답：D
설명：
OCSP is the primary online alternative to CRLs for checking whether a certificate has been revoked.
With a CRL, a relying party periodically downloads a list of revoked certificate serial numbers published by the issuing CA (or CRL distribution point). That approach can be bandwidth-heavy, introduces latency between revocation and client awareness, and can result in clients using stale revocation data if updates are infrequent. OCSP improves this by allowing a client (or a server on the client's behalf) to query an OCSP responder in near real time about the status of a specific certificate (good, revoked, or unknown). In practice, many TLS deployments use OCSP stapling, where the server periodically fetches a signed OCSP response from the CA's responder and "staples" it to the TLS handshake, reducing client-side network calls and improving privacy (the CA doesn't learn which site the client is visiting). Thus, OCSP provides a more timely, certificate-specific revocation status mechanism than CRLs while preserving the CA's signed assurance.
질문 # 18
(What is the value of 23 mod 6?)
정답：B
설명：
The expression 23 mod 6 asks for the remainder when 23 is divided by 6. Modular arithmetic is foundational in cryptography, especially in public-key systems (RSA, Diffie-Hellman, ECC) where operations occur in finite rings or fields. To compute 23 mod 6, identify the largest multiple of 6 that does not exceed 23. Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24. Since 24 is greater than 23, the largest valid multiple is 18. Subtract: 23 # 18 = 5, so the remainder is 5. Therefore, 23 mod 6 = 5, which corresponds to option
"05." Modular reduction keeps numbers within a fixed range (0 to modulus#1), enabling stable arithmetic under wraparound behavior. In cryptographic protocols, this wraparound property is essential for defining groups and ensuring operations remain bounded and consistent.
질문 # 19
(What does nonrepudiation aim to achieve in the context of cryptography?)
정답：C
설명：
Nonrepudiation aims to prevent a party from later denying having performed an action, such as sending a message, approving a transaction, or signing a document. In cryptographic systems, nonrepudiation is typically supported by digital signatures, audit logs, and trusted time-stamping: if a message is signed with a private key and verified with the corresponding public key (often bound to an identity via a certificate), the signer can be held accountable for that signed content. This creates evidence that can be used for dispute resolution, compliance, and legal or contractual enforcement. Nonrepudiation is distinct from confidentiality (keeping data secret) and from access control (preventing unauthorized use). While authentication (verifying identity) is related and often a prerequisite, the defining goal is accountability-ensuring that actions can be attributed to entities in a way that is difficult to dispute later. Effective nonrepudiation also depends on secure private key management, certificate validation, and procedures that show the key was under the signer's control at the time. Therefore, the correct answer is holding parties accountable for their actions and transactions.
질문 # 20
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