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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	Using AI for Testing: In this section, the exam topics cover categorizing the AI technologies used in software testing.
Topic 2	Introduction to AI: This exam section covers topics such as the AI effect and how it influences the definition of AI. It covers how to distinguish between narrow AI, general AI, and super AI; moreover, the topics covered include describing how standards apply to AI-based systems.
Topic 3	Neural Networks and Testing: This section of the exam covers defining the structure and function of a neural network including a DNN and the different coverage measures for neural networks.
Topic 4	Test Environments for AI-Based Systems: This section is about factors that differentiate the test environments for AI-based
Topic 5	ML: Data: This section of the exam covers explaining the activities and challenges related to data preparation. It also covers how to test datasets create an ML model and recognize how poor data quality can cause problems with the resultant ML model.
Topic 6	Machine Learning ML: This section includes the classification and regression as part of supervised learning, explaining the factors involved in the selection of ML algorithms, and demonstrating underfitting and overfitting.
Topic 7	systems from those required for conventional systems.
Topic 8	ML Functional Performance Metrics: In this section, the topics covered include how to calculate the ML functional performance metrics from a given set of confusion matrices.
Topic 9	Quality Characteristics for AI-Based Systems: This section covers topics covered how to explain the importance of flexibility and adaptability as characteristics of AI-based systems and describes the vitality of managing evolution for AI-based systems. It also covers how to recall the characteristics that make it difficult to use AI-based systems in safety-related applications.
Topic 10	Testing AI-Specific Quality Characteristics: In this section, the topics covered are about the challenges in testing created by the self-learning of AI-based systems.

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ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q140-Q145):

NEW QUESTION # 140
Which of the following is a dataset issue that can be resolved using pre-processing?

A. Numbers stored as strings
B. Invalid data
C. Insufficient data
D. Wanted outliers

Answer: A

Explanation:
The syllabus describes that data pre-processing includes cleaning (e.g., fixing or removing invalid data) and transforming data (e.g., changing data types such as numbers stored as strings).
"Transformation: The format of the given data is changed... converting categorical data into numerical data, changing image formats..."

NEW QUESTION # 141
A bank wants to use an algorithm to determine which applicants should be given a loan. The bank hires a data scientist to construct a logistic regression model to predict whether the applicant will repay the loan or not.
The bank has enough data on past customers to randomly split the data into a training data set and a test
/validation data set. A logistic regression model is constructed on the training data set using the following independent variables:
Gender
Marital status
Number of dependents
Education
Income
Loan amount
Loan term
Credit score
The model reveals that those with higher credit scores and larger total incomes are more likely to repay their loans. The data scientist has suggested that there might be bias present in the model based on previous models created for other banks.
Given this information, what is the best test approach to check for potential bias in the model?

A. Experienced-based testing should be used to confirm that the training data set is operationally relevant.
This can include applying exploratory data analysis (EDA) to check for bias within the training data set.
B. Back-to-back testing should be used to compare the model created using the training data set to another model created using the test data set, if the two models significantly differ, it will indicate there is bias in the original model.
C. Acceptance testing should be used to make sure the algorithm is suitable for the customer. The team can re-work the acceptance criteria such that the algorithm is sure to correctly predict the remaining applicants that have been set aside for the validation data set ensuring no bias is present.
D. A/B testing should be used to verify that the test data set does not detect any bias that might have been introduced by the original training data. If the two models significantly differ, it will indicate there is bias in the original model.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Bias in an AI system occurs when the training data contains inherent prejudices that cause the model to make unfair predictions. Experience-based testing, particularlyExploratory Data Analysis (EDA), helps uncover these biases by analyzing patterns, distributions, and potential discriminatory factors in the training data.
* Option A:"Experience-based testing should be used to confirm that the training data set is operationally relevant. This can include applying exploratory data analysis (EDA) to check for bias within the training data set."
* This is the correct answer. EDA involves examining the dataset for bias, inconsistencies, or missing values, ensuring fairness in ML model predictions.
* Option B:"Back-to-back testing should be used to compare the model created using the training data set to another model created using the test data set. If the two models significantly differ, it will indicate there is bias in the original model."
* Back-to-back testing is used for regression testing and to compare versions of an AI system but is not primarily used to detect bias.
* Option C:"Acceptance testing should be used to make sure the algorithm is suitable for the customer.
The team can re-work the acceptance criteria such that the algorithm is sure to correctly predict the remaining applicants that have been set aside for the validation data set ensuring no bias is present."
* Acceptance testing focuses on meeting predefined business requirements rather than detecting and mitigating bias.
* Option D:"A/B testing should be used to verify that the test data set does not detect any bias that might have been introduced by the original training data. If the two models significantly differ, it will indicate there is bias in the original model."
* A/B testing is used for evaluating variations of a model rather than for explicitly identifying bias.
* Bias Testing Methods:"AI-based systems should be tested for algorithmic bias, sample bias, and inappropriate bias. Experience-based testing and EDA are useful for detecting bias".
* Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA):"EDA helps uncover potential bias in training data through visualization and statistical analysis".
Analysis of the Answer Options:ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus References:Thus,Option A is the best choice for detecting bias in the loan applicant model.

NEW QUESTION # 142
An airline has created an ML model to project fuel requirements for future flights. The model imports weather data such as wind speeds and temperatures, calculates flight routes based on historical routings from air traffic control, and estimates loads from average passenger and baggage weights. The model performed within an acceptable standard for the airline throughout the summer but as winter set in, the load weights became less accurate. After some exploratory data analysis, it became apparent that luggage weights were higher in the winter than in summer.
Which of the following statements BEST describes the problem and how it could have been prevented?

A. The model suffers from corruption and therefore should be reloaded into the computer system being used, preferably with a method of version control to prevent further changes
B. The model suffers from drift and therefore should be regularly tested to ensure that any occurrences of drift are detected soon enough for the problem to be mitigated
C. The model suffers from a lack of transparency and therefore should be regularly tested to ensure that any progressive errors are detected soon enough for the problem to be mitigated
D. The model suffers from drift and therefore the performance standard should be eased until a new model with more transparency can be developed

Answer: B

Explanation:
The syllabus states:
"Concept drift occurs when the operational environment changes without the trained model changing correspondingly. The outputs of the model become less accurate and less useful. Therefore, the operational model should be regularly evaluated against its acceptance criteria." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 7.6, Page 54 of 99)

NEW QUESTION # 143
The following confusion matrix represents the functional performance of a classifier.

Which ONE of the following is the correct calculation for the accuracy of the classifier?

A. (60+ 11) / (60 + 11 + 20+ 9) * 100%-71%
B. 60 / (60 * 20) * 100% = 75%
C. 2 * (60 / (60 + 20) * 60 / (60 + 9)) / (60 / (60 + 20) + 60 / (60 + 9)) * 100% = 80%
D. 3 60/ (60 + 9)' 100% = 87%

Answer: A

Explanation:
The correct answer is D . In the confusion matrix, the values are: true positive TP = 60 , false positive FP = 20
, false negative FN = 9 , and true negative TN = 11 . Accuracy measures the percentage of all classifications that are correct. The CT-AI syllabus defines the formula as: Accuracy = (TP + TN) / (TP + TN + FP + FN)
× 100% .
Substituting the given values gives: (60 + 11) / (60 + 11 + 20 + 9) × 100% = 71 / 100 × 100% = 71% .
Option A is mathematically invalid and does not apply the confusion matrix formula. Option B calculates recall-like behaviour using TP / (TP + FN) rather than accuracy. Option C calculates the F1-score using precision and recall, not accuracy. Option D is therefore the only option that correctly counts both forms of correct prediction: correctly predicted positives and correctly predicted negatives.
References/topics: CT-AI Syllabus Chapter 5, Section 5.1 "Confusion Matrix."
=========

NEW QUESTION # 144
Which of the following is one of the reasons for data mislabelling?

A. Small datasets
B. Interoperability error
C. Expert knowledge
D. Lack of domain knowledge

Answer: D

Explanation:
The syllabus lists multiple reasons for mislabelled data, including the lack of domain knowledge:
"Lack of required domain knowledge may lead to incorrect labelling."

NEW QUESTION # 145
......

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