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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Topic 2: Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Topic 3: Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Topic 4: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Topic 5: Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Topic 6: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| Topic 7: Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Topic 8: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
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NEW QUESTION # 12
What are the differences between Ingress and Gateway API?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Ingress provides a comparatively simple API for exposing HTTP and HTTPS applications through host- and path-based routing. Gateway API is a broader, extensible family of resources that separates infrastructure configuration from application routing. Resources such as GatewayClass , Gateway , HTTPRoute , GRPCRoute , TLSRoute , TCPRoute , and UDPRoute model listeners, routes, protocols, ownership, and attachment relationships explicitly.
Gateway API was designed around operational roles. An infrastructure provider can manage the GatewayClass , a cluster operator can provision a Gateway , and an application team can own a route attached to that Gateway. This offers clearer delegation than the single Ingress resource and supports protocols and traffic-management functions beyond the original Ingress model.
The two APIs are not simply different names for identical functionality, so A is false. Option C is also inaccurate because Cilium's implementations of both Ingress and Gateway API integrate with its eBPF datapath and Envoy; Ingress is not inherently an iptables-only implementation. Option D incorrectly limits Gateway API to internal routing. It can expose internet-facing applications through generated LoadBalancer or NodePort Services or through host-network listeners.
Official references
Migrating from Ingress to Gateway ; Gateway API Support .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 13
Which component, when available, is able to handle IPAM requests?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The Cilium Operator handles IP address management responsibilities in IPAM modes that require cluster- wide or cloud-integrated allocation. Current documentation identifies the operator as responsible for IPAM in Azure IPAM, AWS ENI, and cluster-scope mode. Cloud-specific operators populate the appropriate allocation information in CiliumNode resources, after which node-local agents allocate addresses to endpoints from the available ranges.
The phrase "when available" is important because responsibilities vary by IPAM mode. Under Kubernetes host-scope IPAM, Kubernetes allocates each node's PodCIDR, and the Cilium agent consumes that range from the Kubernetes Node object. Nevertheless, among the supplied components, the operator is the component specifically associated with centralized IPAM requests and allocation management.
The Cilium agent implements each node's datapath and endpoint lifecycle but is not the general cluster-wide IPAM answer intended here. Cilium API Server is not the documented allocation component. The misspelled Cilium CNIPIugin refers to the CNI plugin, which requests networking setup when a pod is created but does not replace the operator's IPAM responsibilities.
Official references
Cilium Operator , Cilium IP Address Management
Study Guide topic: Cilium Operator responsibilities and IPAM modes.
NEW QUESTION # 14
You are managing two Kubernetes clusters, labeled as Cluster A and Cluster B, both of which have Cilium installed. You want to mesh Cluster A and Cluster B together The following characteristics define these clusters:
# Both clusters are configured In encapsulation mode.
# The PodCIDR ranges differ: Cluster A uses 192.168.0.0723, while Cluster B uses 192.168.2.0/24.
# There is IP connectivity between the nodes in all clusters using their respective InternallP addresses.
# The network infrastructure between the clusters enables inter-cluster communication.
# Cluster A runs Kubernetes version 1.28, and Cluster B runs Kubernetes version 1.27.
# Cilium versions also differ, with Cluster A using version 1.14 and Cluster B using version 1.13.
# Both clusters share the same cluster name and cluster ID.
# The Cilium certificate authority differs between Cluster A and Cluster B.
Is it possible to create a cluster mesh given the conditions?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A Cluster Mesh can be created after assigning each cluster a unique name and numeric cluster ID. Cilium uses the cluster ID when constructing Cluster Mesh security identities, so duplicate values cannot safely identify endpoints from different clusters. The name must likewise be unique. These values can be changed after installation, although all existing workloads must then be restarted so their security identities are regenerated.
The other listed conditions are compatible. Both clusters use the same encapsulation datapath mode, their PodCIDRs are intended to be non-overlapping, and the nodes possess the required inter-cluster connectivity.
Different Kubernetes patch or minor versions do not inherently prevent Cluster Mesh. Cilium versions may differ by one minor release, so versions 1.14 and 1.13 satisfy the documented compatibility rule.
Different certificate authorities are not an irreversible blocker under current documentation. Every cluster must trust certificates presented by the others. Operators may use a shared root CA or configure a CA bundle containing all trusted CA certificates. Consequently, B is too absolute. C is also false because changing the cluster identity is possible, subject to workload restarts. D is unnecessary because a one-minor Cilium difference is supported.
The source's option A is truncated, but its intended corrective action is technically accurate.
Official references
Setting up Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 15
You are creating a Cilium network policy for pods with the label app: frontend . The policy should allow all pods with that label to communicate with destinations inside 192.168.e.e/24 and using TCP on port 8888.
For example:
# Traffic to 192.168.9.23:8888 should be allowed
# Traffic to 192.168.10.5:8888 should be denied.
# Traffic to 192.168.9.12:5606 should be denied.
Which of the following policies is correct?
A)
Option A
B)
Option B
C)
Option C
D)
Option D
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option C has the correct Cilium policy structure. It selects pods labeled app: frontend , creates an egress rule with a valid CIDR entry, and combines that destination constraint with toPorts , port 8888 , and protocol TCP
. Because the CIDR and port restriction are in the same egress rule, traffic must meet both conditions.
Option A uses an unsupported address-range structure with from and to fields rather than CIDR notation.
Option B initially resembles the correct form but contains an additional malformed ports item at the egress- rule level. Option D uses unsupported action: allow and action: deny fields inside toPorts ; Cilium allow and deny behavior is expressed through policy sections such as egress and egressDeny , not per-port action properties.
The item is nevertheless defective. The prose and examples indicate 192.168.9.0/24 , while all displayed CIDR-based options specify 192.168.0.0/24 ; the source text itself shows the corrupted 192.168.e.e/24 . If
192.168.9.0/24 is authoritative, none of the exhibits permits the stated example. The supplied key B is structurally incorrect under the displayed manifests.
Official references
Cilium Layer 3 and CIDR Policies
Study Guide topic: CIDR selectors, Layer 4 ports, and rule composition.
NEW QUESTION # 16
What is true about WireGuard encryption on Cilium?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
B is the best answer, with two qualifications. First, "pop-to-pod" is evidently a source typo for "pod-to-pod." Second, default WireGuard mode encrypts traffic between Cilium-managed pods on different nodes; node-to- node, pod-to-node, and node-to-pod coverage requires enabling the additional encryption.
nodeEncryption=true mode.
Cilium creates WireGuard peers per node, not per pod. Each Cilium agent generates a node key pair, advertises the public key through its CiliumNode resource, and forms secure tunnels with other known nodes.
This makes D incorrect. Same-node packets do not traverse a WireGuard tunnel because encryption cannot protect them from an observer already able to inspect raw traffic on that host, so A reverses the documented behavior.
C also reverses the encapsulation sequence. In tunnel-routing mode, pod traffic is first encapsulated for the VXLAN or Geneve overlay and is then encapsulated by WireGuard. The result is double encapsulation, with WireGuard protecting the overlay packet while it crosses the network between nodes.
Thus, B describes WireGuard's supported traffic coverage most closely, but exam candidates should remember the separate node-encryption configuration requirement.
Official references
WireGuard Transparent Encryption
Study Guide topic: WireGuard peer architecture, encrypted traffic matrix, same-node behavior, and encapsulation order.
NEW QUESTION # 17
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